Recent changes in breeding abundance and distribution of the Common Pochard (<i>Aythya ferina</i>) in its eastern range

Alexander Mischenko, Anthony David Fox, Saulius Švažas, Olga Sukhanova, Alexandre Czajkowski, Sergey Kharitonov, Yuri Lokhman, Oleg Ostrovsky, Daiva Vaitkuvienė. 2020: Recent changes in breeding abundance and distribution of the Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) in its eastern range. Avian Research, 11(1): 23. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-020-00209-6

Citation:

PDF (970 KB)

Recent changes in breeding abundance and distribution of the Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) in its eastern range

1.
A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Street 33, Moscow 117071, Russia
2.
Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, Kalø, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
3.
Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
4.
Russian Society for Bird Conservation and Study, Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street 6, 125009 Moscow, Russia
5.
European Institute for the Management of Wild Birds and Their Habitats, 59 rue AmpȨre, 75017 Paris, France
6.
Kuban Scientific-Research Centre, Wildlife of the Caucasus, Teplichnaya Street 58-18, Krasnodar 350087, Russia
7.
Scientific Practical Centre of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Biological Resources, Akademicheskaya Street 27, 220072 Minsk, Belarus

Funds:

the European Institute for the Management of Wild Birds and their Habitats (France), with support of the French Ministry for Ecological and Inclusive Transition and the French National Hunting Federation

More Information

Corresponding author:
Alexander Mischenko, almovs@mail.ru

Anthony David Fox, tfo@bios.au.dk
Received Date: 15 May 2020
Accepted Date: 07 Jul 2020
Available Online: 24 Apr 2022
Publish Date: 13 Jul 2020

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Background
The Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) (hereafter Pochard), a widespread and common freshwater diving duck in the Palearctic, was reclassified in 2015 from Least Concern to Vulnerable IUCN status based on rapid declines throughout its range. Analysis of its status, distribution and the potential causes for the decline in Europe has been undertaken, but there has never been a review of its status in the major part of its breeding range across Russia to the Pacific coast.
Methods
We reviewed the scientific literature and unpublished reports, and canvassed expert opinion throughout Russia to assess available knowledge about changes in the species distribution and abundance since the 1980s.
Results
While accepting available information may not be representative throughout the entire eastern range of the species, the review found marked declines in Pochard breeding abundance in the last two decades throughout European Russia. Pochard have also declined throughout Siberia. Declines throughout the steppe region seemed related to local drought severity in recent years, necessitating further research to confirm this climate link at larger spatial scales. Declines in the forest and forest-steppe regions appeared related to the major abandonment of fish farms in western Russia that had formerly provided habitat for breeding Pochard. However, hyper-eutrophication of shallow eutrophic lakes, cessation of grazing and haymaking in floodplain systems necessary to maintain suitable nesting habitat and disappearance of colonies of the Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) in a number of wetlands were also implicated. Increasing invasive alien predator species (e.g. American Mink Neovison vison and Raccoon Dog Nyctereutes procyonoides) and increasing spring hunting were also thought to contribute to declines. Reports of expansion in numbers and range only came from small numbers occurring in the Russian Far East, including on the border with China and the long-established isolated population on Kamchatka Peninsula.
Conclusions
Widespread declines throughout the eastern breeding range of the Pochard give continued cause for concern. Although we could address all the potential causal factors identified above by management interventions, we urgently need better information relating to key factors affecting site-specific Pochard breeding success and abundance, to be able to implement effective actions to restore the species to more favourable conservation status throughout its breeding range.
- Aythya ferina,
- Breeding,
- Common Pochard,
- Population declines,
- Population stressors

FullText(HTML)

Background

Although physiological responses of ectotherms to rising global temperature have received great amount of attention by biogeographers and physiologists (Somero 2010; Tomanek 2010; Folguera et al. 2011), such responses of endotherms have not been fully understood. Heat-related deaths of birds have been reported in Australia, India, South Africa and the southwestern USA (Marshall and Serventy 1962; Erasmus et al. 2002; Welbergen et al. 2008; McKechnie et al. 2012). Data on southern African desert birds revealed that a suite of physiological variables change rapidly with increasing air temperatures within the comparatively narrow range of 30-40 ℃, far below those typically associated with mortality events (McKechnie et al. 2012). Therefore, predicting the possibility of severe effects of global warming on birds is necessary.

Birds that live at middle and high latitudes experience different temperatures in different seasons, therefore many physiological processes such as energy metabolism, stress response, and reproduction in birds significantly change with environmental temperature in different seasons (Wingfield et al. 1982; Silverin et al. 2008; Swanson 2010; Zheng et al. 2014). Spring is the season during which birds have to physiologically prepare for the subsequent breeding period (Stevenson and Bryant 2000; Nilsson and Raberg 2001; Goutte et al. 2010; Hegemann et al. 2012), hence the ability to maintain homeostasis during this period is important to survival and reproduction of birds. Unusual spring temperature rising probably becomes a heat stress to the birds which have adapted to low spring temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the physiological effect of spring warming on the temperate birds.

High temperature has been found to induce increases in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Flanagan et al. 1998; Mujahid et al. 2005; Lin et al. 2008; Costantini et al. 2012) and thereby induce oxidative stress (Costantini and Verhulst 2009; Azad et al. 2010), which can cause cell damage even to apoptosis (e.g. Kannan and Jain 2000). The vertebrate cells can eliminate ROS through the activition of antioxidant system such as antioxidant enzymes to avoid the damage to the cells (Baxter et al. 2014; Huang et al. 2015). Therefore, anti-oxidation function can reflect the survival ability of birds. In addition, immunal function is another important indicator for survivability of birds. It has been well understood that many environmental stressors especially temperature variation have inhibitory effect on the B-lymphocyte-mediated humoral immunity through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis (HPA) (Shephard 1998; Sapolsky et al. 2000; Quintana et al. 2011; Habibian et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2015), which is related with the survival of the birds. It has been found in wild birds and chicken that heat stress may reduce the immune function of birds by inhibiting the production of immunoglobulin (Zulkifli et al. 1994; Park et al. 2013). Although there are lots of information about the effects of environment stressors on the antioxidation and immune function, the effects of spring climate warming on these two functions of wild temperate birds have not been well understood. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate these effects on the temperate wild birds in order to understand the physiological mechanism of the climate change effects on survival of birds.

Whether spring warming affects the antioxidation and immune function of wild temperate birds? To answer this question, we studied antioxidation and immune function in Asian Short-toed Larks (Calandrella cheleensis) distributed in the high-latitude grassland of Inner Mongolia. Asian Short-toed Lark is a resident bird species on the high latitude grassland of China, which initiates breeding in early spring. The species has adapted to the low spring temperature and is vulnerable to the heat stress induced by unusual spring temperature rising (Zhao et al. 2017a). Therfore, we selected this species as a model of this study. We compared activities of anti-oxidative enzymes including super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and levels of immunoglobulin IgA, IgY and IgM, in samples of peripheral blood cells of captured Asian Short-toed Larks in normal and higher ambient temperature condition by conducting a controlled laboratory experiment.

Methods

Study site and species

The study site was located within the Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve (47°45ʹ50ʺN-49°20ʹ20ʺN; 116°50ʹ10ʺE-118°10ʹ10ʺE) situated in the northeastern part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, China. This reserve is a semiarid, steppe region where the mean annual temperature, precipitation and potential evaporation are -0.6 ℃, 283 mm and 1754 mm, respectively. Winter is longer than summer, and the average maximum daytime temperatures in January and July are -20.02 ℃ and 22.72 ℃, respectively. Spring is in March and April. The Asian Short-toed Lark (Calandrella cheleensis, Passeriformes, Alaudidae) is the most common lark species on the grasslands of the study site. The birds used in this study were captured in the study site between 10 and 15 March, 2015.

Experiment design

Two air-conditioned, temperature-controlled chambers were built at the study site. Forty adult Asian Short-toed Larks were randomly assigned to these chambers, with 20 birds to each chamber (sex ratio 1:1). All birds were housed in individual cages (50 cm×40 cm×35 cm) within each temperature chamber, and they were fed mixed seeds, boiled eggs and mealworms, and provided with water ad libitum. Considering the physiological status of birds could be influenced by captivity (Li et al. 2019), we initially kept both chambers at 16 ℃ under a 16:8-h light:dark photoperiod for 10 days to allow the birds to acclimatize. At the end of this 10-day period we increased the temperature of one chamber to 21 ℃, while the temperature of the other was kept at 16 ℃. This temperature treatment regime was continued for 21 days. The choice of 16 ℃ as the lower temperature was based on the mean daily maximum temperature recorded at the study site in April 2014. As the mean daily temperature difference between sample days during the field experiment period was about 5 ℃, we chose 21 ℃ as the higher temperature. At least 50 μL of whole blood was collected from each bird at 4-day intervals at 12:00-12:30 h over the experimental period to measure the levels of anti-oxidation enzymes CAT, SOD, GPx and immunoglobulins IgA, IgY, IgM.

Anti-oxidation enzyme analysis

The activities of three enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx were measured using commercial kits (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). SOD activity was measured using the xanthine/xanthine oxidase method based on the production of O^2- anions. GPx activity was measured based on its catalyzation by the oxidation of reduced glutathione in the presence of cumene hydroperoxide. The generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was measured spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. CAT activity was measured by analyzing the rate at which it caused the decomposition of H₂O₂ at 240 nm.

Immunoglobulin analysis

IgA, IgY and IgM concentrations were determined using chicken enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) kits from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Briefly, all serum samples were 1:5 diluted (10 μL of the sample and 40 μL of the sample dilution) and added to sample wells in triplicates. The standard wells and the sample wells were added with 100 μL of detection antibody which were marked by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and incubated for 60 min at 37 ℃. Then the plates were washed five times with PBS. Some 50 μL of substrate A and B were added to plates and incubated for 15 min at 37 ℃. Finally, 50 μL of stop solution was added to each well, and the OD value of each well at a wavelength of 450 nm was measured within 15 min by microplate reader (Thermo company, USA). The respective inter- and intra-plate coefficients of variation for IgA, IgY and IgM were < 12%.

Data analysis

We used linear mixed models (LMMs) to analyze the effects of temperature, sex, body mass and their interactions on plasma SOD, CAT, GPx activities and IgA, IgY, and IgM concentrations. Temperature, sex, body mass, and the interactions between these factors were modeled as fixed factors, with individual as a random factor. All data were log transformed to correct for departures from nor- mality and homogeneity of variance. All data analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 and α = 0.05 in all tests.

Results

The activities of plasma SOD, CAT and GPx in Asian Short-toed Larks

The LMM results indicated that temperature significantly influenced the blood SOD, CAT and GPx activities of Asian Short-toed Larks (Table 1). The SOD activitiy of birds in 21 ℃ group was significantly lower than that in 16 ℃ group on all the treatment days (Independent sample t test, n = 20, P < 0.05, Fig. 1a). The CAT activity of the birds in 21 ℃ group was significantly lower than that in 16 ℃ group on the 1st, 5th, 13th, 17th treatment days (Independent sample t-test, n = 20, P < 0.05, Fig. 1b). The GPx activity of the birds in 21 ℃ group was significantly lower than that in 16 ℃ group on the 1st, 13th and 17th, but significantly higher on the 21st treatment day (Independent sample t-test, n = 20, P < 0.05, Fig. 1c).

Table 1. Results of a linear mixed model for the effects of temperature, sex, body mass, on blood CAT, SOD, GPx activities in wild Asian Short-toed Larks (Calandrella cheleensis) captured in Hulun Lake Nature Reserve, Inner Mongolia, China

Response variable	Explanatory variable	F	P
CAT	Temperature	14.481	< 0.001
	Sex	1.701	0.196
	Body mass	0.081	0.776
	Temperature × sex	1.779	0.141
	Temperature × body mass	0.703	0.404
	Sex × body mass	0.702	0.593
SOD	Temperature	136.056	< 0.001
	Sex	3.816	0.057
	Body mass	3.816	0.057
	Temperature × sex	3.020	0.058
	Temperature × body mass	1.401	0.242
	Sex × body mass	2.650	0.081
GPx	Temperature	5.992	0.040
	Sex	0.082	0.776
	Body mass	0.414	0.523
	Temperature × sex	0.055	0.815
	Temperature × body mass	1.015	0.370
	Sex × body mass	0.178	0.837
P values in italics indicate that the explanatory variables significantly influence the response variables

| Show Table

DownLoad: CSV

Figure 1. Blood SOD (a), CAT (b) and GPx (c) activities of Asian Short-toed Larks in 21 ℃ and 16 ℃ treatment groups

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

The concentrations of serum IgA, IgY and IgM in Asian Short-toed Larks

The LMM results indicated that temperature significantly influenced the plasma IgA, IgY and IgM concentrations of Asian Short-toed Larks (Table 2). The serum IgA, IgY and IgM concentrations of birds in 21 ℃ group were significantly lower than those in 16 ℃ group on all the treatment days (Independent t-test, n = 20, P < 0.05, Fig. 2).

Table 2. Results of a linear mixed model for the effects of temperature, sex, body mass, on plasma IgA, IgY and IgM activities in wild Asian Short-toed Larks (Calandrella cheleensis) captured in Hulun Lake Nature Reserve, Inner Mongolia, China

Response variable	Explanatory variable	F	P
IgA	Temperature	10.948	< 0.001
	Sex	0.009	0.924
	Body mass	0.927	0.403
	Temperature × sex	0.000	0.997
	Temperature × body mass	0.958	0.391
	Sex × body mass	0.515	0.600
IgY	Temperature	40.853	< 0.001
	Sex	0.635	0.429
	Body mass	0.603	0.551
	Temperature × sex	0.104	0.748
	Temperature × body mass	0.192	0.826
	Sex × body mass	1.045	0.359
IgM	Temperature	17.386	< 0.001
	Sex	2.471	0.123
	Body mass	1.381	0.261
	Temperature × sex	0.097	0.757
	Temperature × body mass	0.253	0.777
	Sex × body mass	0.198	0.821
P values in italics indicate that the explanatory variables significantly influence the response variables

| Show Table

DownLoad: CSV

Figure 2. Serum IgA (a), IgY (b) and IgM (c) concentrations of Asian Short-toed Larks in 21 ℃ and 16 ℃ treatment groups

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Discussion

The results that activities of antioxidative enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx in the blood of Asian Short-toed Larks decreased significantly at 21 ℃ indicate that mild temperature rising can inhibit the antioxidative function of Asian Short-toed Larks distributed in high latitude grassland which have adapted to relatively low temperature in spring. Antioxidant enzymes play a vital role in protecting cellular damage from harmful effects of ROS (Baxter et al. 2014; Huang et al. 2015) and it has been found that heat stress can increase lipid peroxidation (Altan et al. 2003; Lin et al. 2008; Altan et al. 2010), therefore reduced oxidative protection can result in increased oxidative damage and fitness costs.

In addition, Asian Short-toed Larks start to breed in early spring (April), while breeding is an energy consuming process which will produce more oxygen free radicals than non-breeding period (Wiersma et al. 2004). Moreover, the negative relationships between brood size and activity of antioxidative enzymes have been found in bird species (Alonso-Álvarez et al. 2010). Therefore, the spring temperature rising together with breeding efforts will aggravate oxidative damage on birds. Our results implicate that birds which have adapted to the low spring temperature will be susceptible to the spring climate warming. Meanwhile, we cannot neglect the result that GPx at 21 ℃ is significantly higher than that at 16 ℃ on the 21st treatment day, which implicates that the antioxidative function of the cells may revover partially after long time acclimation. A previous study on Asian Short-toed Larks showed that marked daily variations in ambient temperature in spring can activate apoptosis protein Caspase-3 expression in the cells of Asian Short-toed Larks while the Bcl-2 and HSP60 can maintain cellular homeostasis (Qin et al. 2017). Therefore, the HSPs' protection on the cell might be related with the variation of GPx, and the mechanism should be varified in the future.

Although immunoglobulin decreasing induced by heat stress has been found in domestic chicken (Chin et al. 2013), the effects of mild temperature rising on the immunity on wild birds in spring have not been well known. Our results that the concentration of immunoglobulins IgA, IgY and IgM in the serum of Asian Short-toed Larks decreased significantly at 21 ℃ indicate that temperature rising can reduce the B-lymphocyte-mediated humoral immunity of Asian Short-toed Larks in spring. A wild bird study on Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) found that the plasma IgA level is higher in winter than in breeding season (Zhao et al. 2017b), which supports the above deduction from our results. The concentration of immunoglobulins in serum can reflect the disease resistance of the body (Peppas et al. 2019). IgA, IgY and IgM are three important immunoglobulins in birds. IgA is an important barrier of respiratory mucosa (Rose et al. 1974; Kaspers et al. 1996; Bencina et al. 2005; Bar-Shira et al. 2014). IgY is a functional homolog of mammalian IgG and has been found to efficiently opsonize pathogens for engulfment by phagocytes (Huang et al. 2016). IgM has many functions such as precipitation and agglutination (Díaz-Zaragoza et al. 2015; Atif et al. 2018; Peppas et al. 2019). Therefore, reduction of these immunoglobulins can lead to the decrease or inhibition of humoral immunity. To the wild birds, there is an trade-off between innate immunity and acquired immunity in different ecological conditions (Zhao et al. 2017b), therefore the innate immunity should be combined to evaluate the immunity vulnerability of birds to temperature in natural condition.

The immunoglobulin reduction in the birds treated by 21 ℃ may be related with the HSPs expression (Qin et al. 2017). The HSPs can maintain the homeostasis of the cells, overexpression of HSPs, however, is known to have deleterious consequences (Feder and Hofmann 1999). Synthesis of HSPs represents a significant energetic cost (Hamdoun et al. 2003), therefore their response usually results in a concomitant reduction in the synthesis of antibodies. Synthesizing more HSPs to mitigate stress has been found in passerine birds to be traded-off against mounting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (Morales et al. 2006). The available results jointly indicate that mild temperature rising in spring can induce cell stress response, which could subsequently induce the immune function reduction.

Our results suggest that mild spring temperature rising can lead to the reduction of antioxidative and immune functions of temperate passerine birds. Under the climate warming scenario, discriminating the climate susceptible species is urgent (Glover 2018). The species with narrow environmental tolerances or thresholds are likely to be susceptible to the climate warming at any stage in the life cycle. It is important, therefore, to investigate physiological responses to global warming in more terrestrial vertebrates in different thermal environments to assess the potential threat of global warming-induced heat stress to biodiversity.

Conclusion

In summary, this study shows that spring temperature rising negatively influences antioxibative and humoral immune functions, which indicates that spring climate warming might reduce the fitness of the temperate passerine birds which have adapted to the low spring temperature.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Manquan Gui, Muren Wu, Songtao Liu in Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve for their help on the field study.

Authors' contributions

SZ and WL conceived the study and designed the experiments. NZ, FW and TL conducted the experiments. NZ wrote the first draft of the article. SZ supervised the research and revised the draft. All authors read and approved final manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

The data used in the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Our experimental procedures complied with the current laws on animal welfare and research in China and had the approval of the Animal Research Ethics Committee of Hainan Normal University. In addition, all procedures followed standard protocols, such as the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References (101)

References

Afton AD, Anderson MG. Declining scaup populations: a retrospective analysis of long-term population and harvest survey data. J Wildlife Manage. 2001;65:781-96.

Andreev BN. Birds of Vilyui basin. Yakutsk: Book Press; 1987 (in Russian).

Antonov AI, Parilov MP. Assessment of recent status of protected birds in the east of Amurskaya Oblast. Amurian Zool Mag. 2009;1:270-4 (in Russian).

Azarov VI. Resources of waterfowl in Tobol-Ishim forest-steppe, their conservation and use. PhD Thesis. Moscow: Moscow University; 1991 (in Russian).

Biodiversity Centre of Japan. Survey of waterbirds. Biodiversity Centre of Japan, Tokyo. 2019. . Accessed 26 Sep 2019 (in Japanese).

BirdLife International. European red list of birds. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2015.

Bukreev SA, Chernobay VF. Data on Anseriformes of the Volgograd Sarpa. Casarca. 2011;14:223-39 (in Russian).

Chernichko II, Kostyushin VA. Retrospective review of results of the ornithological monitoring in wetlands: Molochnyi Liman. Results Regional Ornithol Monitoring. 2015;9:68 (in Russian).

Chudnenko DE. Dynamics of bird fauna and populations in peat extractions on a sample of Sakhtysh-Rubskoye area (Ivanovo Region, Russia). In: Population dynamics of birds in terrestrial landscapes. Proceedings of the Russian Scientific Conference ZBS MSU March 17-21 2017. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press; 2017. p. 268-76 (in Russian).

Cramp S, Simmons KEL. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The birds of the Western Palearctic, vol. 1. Oxford: University Press; 1977.

Degtyarev AG. Game birds of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Yakutsk: Yakutsk Branch of State Publishing House of SB RAS; 2004 (in Russian).

Degtyarev AG. Waterfowl and waterbirds in the conditions of cryo-arid plain. Novosibirsk: Nauka; 2007 (in Russian).

Elsukov SV. Monitoring of waterfowl of Lake Blagodatnoye in the period of spring and autumn migrations. In: Potichina EV, editor. Results of conservation and study of nature complexes of Sikhote-Alin'. Vladivostok: Primpoligrafcombinat; 2005. p. 173-180 (in Russian).

Elsukov SV. Birds of the North-East Primorie: non-Passeriformes. Vladivostok: Dal'nauka; 2013 (in Russian).

FAO/EBRD. Russian Federation: a review of the fishery sector. New York: UN Food and Agriculture Organisation/European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Cooperation Programme Report N12; 2008.

Fedyushin AV, Dolbik MS. Birds of Belarus. Minsk: Science and technology; 1967 (in Russian).

Fefelov IV, Shinkarenko AV, Podkovyrov VA. Trend of the duck populations in Selenga Delta. Russ Ornithol Mag. 1995;1(2):45-53 (in Russian).

Fefelov IV, Voronova SG, Povarintsev AI. Numbers and survival of duck broods in the mouth of river Irkut in the last decade. Baikal Zool Mag. 2009;1:94-9 (in Russian).

Fox AD, Caizergues A, Banik MV, Dvorak M, Ellermaa M, Folliot B, et al. Recent changes in the abundance of breeding common pochard Aythya ferina in Europe. Wildfowl. 2016;66:22-40.

Fox AD, Balsby T, Jorgensen H, Lauridsen T, Jeppensen E, Sondergaard M, et al. Effects of lake restoration on breeding abundance of globally declining Common Pochard (Aythya ferina). Hydrobiologia. 2019;830:33-44.

Frolov VV. Birds of Penza Region and adjacent territories. Vol. 1. Non-passeriformes. Penza: Penza University Press; 2017 (in Russian).

Gerasimov NN, Gerasimov YN. Investigations of migrations of waterfowl and waterbirds in Kamchatka. In: Savelieva AP, Seredkina IV, editors. Ranges, migrations and other movements of wildlife. Materials of the International science and applied conference. Vladivostok: OOO Reja; 2014. p. 52-61 (in Russian).

Gerasimov YN, Gerasimov NN. Birds of Elovka River. In: Artjukhin YB, Gerasimov YN, editors. Biology and conservation of the birds of Kamchatka. No. 8 Moscow: Wildlife Conservation Center Press; 2008. p. 38-64 (in Russian).

Glushchenko YN, Bocharnikov VN, Mrikot KN, Korobov DV. Centuries dynamics of numbers of Anseriformes in Lake Khanka Lowland. In: Bukreev SA, editor. Inventory, monitoring and conservation of IBAs in Russia. No. 5 Moscow: Russian Bird Conservation Union; 2005. p. 19-36 (in Russian).

Glushchenko YN, Shibnev YN, Volkovskaya-Kurdjukova EA. Birds. In: Nazarenko AA, editor. Vertebrates of Zapovednik Khankajskiy and Lake Khanka Lowland. Vladivostok: GPBZ Khankaisky Press; 2006. p. 77-233 (in Russian).

Glushchenko YN, Nechaev VA, Red'kin YA. Birds of Primorski Krai: brief faunistical review. Moscow: KMK Press; 2016 (in Russian).

Glushenkov OV, Isakov GN, Osmelkin EV. Cadastre assessment of condition of gull colonies in Chuvash Republic. Ecol Bull Chuvash Republic. 2007;57:29-44 (in Russian).

Grishanov G, Švažas S. The Neman River delta—internationally important area for migratory wildfowl species. Vilnius: Akstis; 2013 (in Russian).

Iovchenko NP. Ecosystems of the nature reserve "Lakes Rakovye": history and present state. Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg University Press; 2012 (in Russian).

Isakov YA, Ptushenko ES. Order Anseriformes. In: Dementiev GP, Gladkov NA, editors. Birds of the Soviet Union, vol. IV. Moscow: Sovetskaya nauka; 1952. p. 247-635 (in Russian).

Ivanauskas T. Birds of Lithuania Wildfowl, vol. 2. Vilnius: State Publishers of Scientific Literature; 1959 (in Lithuanian).

Kalela O. Changes in geographic ranges in the avifauna of northern and central Europe in relation to recent changes in climate. Bird Banding. 1949;20:77-103.

Kalinina L, Zelenskaya I. Current state and problems of commercial fish-farming development in Russia. SHS Web Conf. 2018;55:01008. .

Kear J. Ducks, Geese and Swans. Bird families of the World. Oxford: University Press; 2005.

Khrabry VM. Game animals of Leningrad Region. Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg University Press; 2016 (in Russian).

Klimov SM, Sarychev VS, Melnikov MV, Zemlyanukhin AI. Bird fauna of the Upper Don Basin. Non-passeriformes. Lipetsk: LGPU; 2004 (in Russian).

Komdeur J, Bertelsen J. Manual for aeroplane and ship surveys of waterfowl and seabirds. Slimbridge: International Waterbird and Wetlands Research Bureau Special Publication 19 IWRB; 1992.

Koskimies P, Väisänen RA. Monitoring bird populations: a manual of methods applied in Finland. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Zoological Museum; 1991.

Krivenko VG, Vinogradov VG. Birds of the water environment and rhythms of climate of the Northern Eurasia. Moscow: Nauka; 2008 (in Russian).

Lobkov EG. Nesting birds of Kamchatka. Vladivostok: Far East Science Centre, USSR Academy of Sciences; 1986 (in Russian).

Lokhman YV, Gozhko AA. Counts of waterfowl, shorebirds and seabirds in the Krasnodar Region in November 2017. Russ J Ornithol. 2017;28:4591-7 (in Russian).

Lysenko V. The fauna of Ukraine Birds. Vol. 5. Anseriformes. Kiev: Naukova Dumka; 1991 (in Russian).

Malchevsky AS, Pukinsky YB. Birds of Leningrad Region and contiguous territories, vol. 1. Leningrad: University Press; 1983 (in Russian).

Melnikov YI, Melnikova NI, Pronkevich VV. Materials on the waterfowl fauna in the mouth of river Irkut. Ornithologia. 2003;30:32-7 (in Russian).

Merikallio E. Einwanderungsgeschichte der Vogelfauna des Ayrapaanjarvi-Sees in Suomi Finland Istmus Karelicus. Berlin: Proceedings of the VI International Ornithological Congress, Berlin; 1929. p. 484-93 (in German)

Miklin NA, Shitikov DA, Babushkin MV. Square 37VDH4, Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions. In: Voltzit OV, Kalyakin MV, editors. The fauna and abundance of European Russia Birds Annual report on the Programme "Birds of Moscow City and the Moscow Region". Moscow: Fiton Century Publications; 2013. p. 351-353 (in Russian).

Mikhantyev AI, Selivanova MA. Population dynamics of several species of ducks in the south of West Siberia (North Kulunda) related to hydrologic, climatic, and meteorological conditions. Casarca. 2016;19:67-80 (in Russian).

Mischenko AL. Value of fishponds of for bird fauna in the conditions of man-made landscape (on an example of Moscow Region). PhD Thesis. Moscow: Moscow State University. 1985 (in Russian).

Mischenko AL. Estimations of numbers and trends for birds of the European part of Russia ("Birds in Europe-II"). Moscow: Russian Bird Conservation Union; 2004.

Mischenko AL. Estimations of numbers and trends for birds of the European Russia ("European Red List of Birds"). Moscow: BirdsRussia; 2017.

Mischenko AL, Sukhanova OV. Fishponds as the main refuges of waterbirds in the Moscow Region. OMPO Newsl. 2006;26:47-50.

Mischenko AL, Sukhanova OV. Results of long-term monitoring of breeding ducks' numbers in Vinoradovo floodplain (Moscow oblast). Casarca. 2016a;19:31-48 (in Russian).

Mischenko AL, Sukhanova OV. Response of wader populations in the Vinogradovo Floodplain (Moscow Region, Russia) to changes in agricultural land use and spring flooding. Wader Study. 2016b;123:136-42.

Moskalev VA. Hunting on waterfowl in Leningrad oblast. Hunting, Peltry Quarry. 1977;56:3-10 (in Russian).

Mundkur T, Langendoen T, Watkins D. The Asian Waterbird Census 2008-2015: Results of coordinated counts in Asia and Australasia. Ede, The Netherlands: Wetlands International; 2017.

Nagy S, Flink S, Langendoen T. Waterbird trends 1988-2012: Results of trend analyses of data from the International Waterbird Census in the African-Eurasian Flyway. Ede, The Netherlands: Wetlands International; 2014.

Neifeldt IA. Review of the ornithological studies in Karelia. Proc Zool Inst Russ Acad Sci. 1970;47:67-110 (in Russian).

Numerov AD. Birds Aves Natural resources of Voronezh Region Vertebrate Animals Cadaster. Voronezh: Biomik; 1996 (in Russian).

Olney PJS. The food and feeding-habits of the Pochard, Aythya ferina. Biol Conserv. 1968;1:71-6.

Ostrovsky OA, Natykanets VV. Monitoring of waterfowl. In: Sushchenya LM, Semenchenko VP, editors. Monitoring of fauna of Belarus basic principles and results. Minsk: Belarus Research Centre of Ecology; 2005. p. 127-35 (in Russian).

Ostrovsky OA, Natykanets VV, Zhuravlev DV. Changes in species composition and abundance of waterbirds of Lake Osveyskoe during the last 30 years. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Protected areas of NW Belarus. Vitebsk: Vitebsk University; 2009. p. 66‒7 (in Russian).

Petkov N, Hughes B, Gallo-Orsi U. Ferruginous Duck: from research to conservation. Sofia, Bulgaria: Birdlife International-RSPB-TWSG; 2013.

Polivanova NN. Birds of Lake Khanka. Part 1. Vladivostok: DVNC of Academy of Science USSR Press; 1971 (in Russian).

Polyakov GI. The ornithological fauna of Moscow Province. Materials to knowledge of fauna and flora of Russian Empire. Dept Zoo. 1910;10:1-211 (in Russian).

Ptushenko ES, Inozemtsev AA. Biology and economic value of the birds of Moscow Region and adjacent territories. Moscow: Moscow University Press; 1968 (in Russian).

Ryabitsev VK. Birds of Siberia. A field guide in two volumes, vol. 1. Moscow—Ekaterinburg: Armchair Scientist; 2014 (in Russian).

Ryazanova NE, Kravchuk MV. Changes of the areas of Sarpinskie Lakes in 2005-2016. In: Akhmetov IG, editor. Materials of the 3rd International Conference on Sciences on the Earth: yesterday, today, tomorrow. Saint Petersburg: Svoyo Isdatelstvo Press; 2017. p. 26-32 (in Russian).

Rusanov GM. Aerial monitoring of mass bird species the Volga avandelta (2006-2010). Ornithol Bull Kazakhstan Cent Asia. 2013;2:146-65 (in Russian).

Sarantseva EI. Structure and spatial distribution of bird communities in the valley ecosystems of small rivers in Low Volga Basin. PhD Thesis. Saratov: Saratov State University; 2003 (in Russian).

Sarychev VS, Batishchev DL. Avifauna of the Gryazinsky Fishponds. Bull Rare Plants Animals Lipetsk Region. 2012;5:60-88 (in Russian).

Serebryakov V, Vorobyev E, Gorban I, Davidenko I, Korzyukov A, Lugovoj A, et al. The status and number of certain waterbird species in Ukraine. Kiev: Fitosociocenter Press; 2003.

Shulpin LM. Commercial, hunting and predatory birds of Primorye. Vladivostok: Far Eastern branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences Press; 1936 (in Russian).

Sotnikov VN. Birds of Kirov Region and contiguous territories. Vol.1. Non-passerines. Part 1. Kirov: OOO Triada-S; 1999 (in Russian).

Stepanyan LS. Conspectus of ornithological fauna of Russia and neighbouring territories. Moscow: Nauka; 2003 (in Russian).

Sukhanova OV. Nesting ecology of the Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula and the Pochard Aythya ferina in Central Russia. Gibier Faune Sauvage. 1996;13:709-22.

Syroechkovskiy EE. Field guide of Anseriformes of Russia. Moscow: Zoological Museum of Moscow State University; 2011 (in Russian).

Švažas S, Drobelis E, Balciauskas L, Raudonikis L. Important wetlands in Lithuania. Vilnius: Akstis; 1999.

Švažas S, Kozulin A. Waterbirds of large fishponds of Belarus and Lithuania. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of Ecology; 2002.

Takahashi T. On the birds breeding near lake Taraika, S Sakhalin. Tori. 1942;11:370-89.

Tarasov VV. Recent condition of recourses of Anseriformes in Tobol-Ishim forest-steppe. In: Popovkina AB, editor. Abstracts of International Conference "Anatidae of North Eurasia: study, protection and wise use". Salekhard: Working group on geese of Northern Eurasia; 2015. p. 89-90 (in Russian).

Tischler F. Die Vögel Ostpreußens und seiner Nachbargebiete. Königsberg und Berlin: Bd.; 1941 1-2 (in German).

Tilba PA, Mnatsekanov RA. Avifauna of Priazovsky Nature Reserve. Acta Sochi National Park. 2014;6:60-120 (in Russian).

Tsyndzhapova ND. Seasonal dynamics of bird population in the wetland complex of city Irkutsk. Bull State Agr Acad Buryatia. 2009;3:138-42 (in Russian).

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Waterfowl population status, 2019. Washington, DC USA: U.S. Department of the Interior; 2019. .

Väänänen VM. Predation risk associated with nesting in gull colonies by two Aythya species: observations and an experimental test. J Avian Biol. 2000;31:31-5.

Väänänen VM, Pöysä H, Runko P. Nest and brood stage association between ducks and small colonial gulls in boreal wetlands. Ornis Fennica. 2016;93:47-544.

Viksne J. The birds of Lake Engure. Riga: Jana seta Press; 1997.

Viksne J, Švažas S, Czajkowski A, Janaus M, Mischenko A, Kozulin A, et al. Atlas of Duck Populations in Eastern Europe. Vilnius: Akstis; 2010.

Voropay NN, Ryazanova AA. Atmospheric droughts in Southern Siberia in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2018;211:012062.

Vorobiev KA. Birds of Ussurijskiy Kraj. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Press; 1954 (in Russian).

Vorobiev KA. Birds of Yakutia. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Press; 1968 (in Russian).

Voronov LN, Glushenkov OV, Isakov GN, Osmelkin EV, Yakovlev AA, Yakovlev VA. Birds of Chuvashia Non-passeriformes, vol. 1. Cheboksary: Chuvash Press; 2016 (in Russian).

Voronov VG, Voronov GA, Neverova TI, Eremin YP, Voronov GV, Zdorikov AI. Birds of the Lake Nevskoye (Sakhalin Island). Juzhno-Sakhalinsk: SakhKNII; 1983 (in Russian).

Vyazovich V. Ducks of Belarus. Minsk: Vyshejshaya Shkola Press; 1973 (in Russian).

Wang X, Barter M, Cao L, Jinyu L, Fox AD. Serious contractions in wintering range and decline in abundance of Baer's Pochard Aythya baeri. Bird Conserv Int. 2012;22:121-7.

Wetlands International. Flyway trend analyses based on data from the African-Eurasian Waterbird Census from the period of 1967-2015. Ede, The Netherlands: Wetlands International. 2017. . Accessed 26 Jun 2020.

Wetlands International. Waterbird population estimates. 2019. . Accessed 10 Sep 2019.

Zavjalov EV, Shlyakhtin GV, Kapranova TA. Waterfowl and waterbirds of Saratov Region (Gaviformes, Podicipediformes, Pelicaniformes, Ciconiiformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Anseriformes). Berkut: Ukr Ornithol Mag. 1997;6:3-18 (in Russian).

Zavjalov EV, Shlyakhtin GV, Tabachishin VG, Yakushev NN, Khrustov IA. Birds of the northern part of Low Volga Basin. Book 1. Saratov: Saratov University Press; 2005 (in Russian).

Zhukov VS. Birds of Middle Siberia forest-steppe. Novosibirsk: Nauka; 2006 (in Russian).

Zubakin VA, Morozov VV, Kharitonov SP, Leonovich VV, Mischenko AL. The birds of the Moscow-river meadowland near Vinogradovo, Moscow Region. In: Flint VE, Tomkovich PS, editors. Birds of reclaiming territories. Moscow: Moscow University Press; 1998. p. 126-167 (in Russian).

Cited By

Cited by

Periodical cited type(11)

1.	S. P. Kharitonov, A. L. Mischenko, N. Konyukhov, et al. How Closely Common Pochards (Aythya ferina) Interact with Spring Phenology on Migration. Biology Bulletin, 2024, 51(1): 187. DOI:10.1134/S1062359023602914
2.	I. W. Bashinskiy, N. G. Kadetov, V. A. Senkevich, et al. Transformation of Ecosystems of Floodplain Water Bodies under Current Natural and Anthropogenic Changes and Possible Strategies for Their Conservation. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 2024, 14(2): 190. DOI:10.1134/S2079086424020026
3.	I. W. Bashinskiy, N. G. Kadetov, V. А. Senkevic, et al. Transformation of Ecosystems of Floodplain Water Bodies under Current Natural and Anthropogenic Changes and Possible Strategies for their Conservation. Uspehi sovremennoj biologii, 2024, 144(1): 80. DOI:10.31857/S0042132424010063
4.	Tian Xia, Xiaodong Gao, Lei Zhang, et al. Chromosome-level genome provides insights into evolution and diving adaptability in the vulnerable common pochard (Aythya ferina). BMC Genomics, 2024, 25(1) DOI:10.1186/s12864-024-10846-6
5.	K.B. Khatri, H.B. Katuwal, S Sharma, et al. WATERBIRD MIGRATION IN TAUDAHA LAKE, KATHMANDU, NEPAL: UNDERSTANDING FACTORS DRIVING MIGRATION AT A SMALL STOPOVER SITE. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 2023, 33(2): 409. DOI:10.36899/JAPS.2023.2.0630
6.	S.P. Kharitonov, K.E. Litvin, I.A. Kharitonova. Usage of ring-recovery data for the background for the Migration Atlas of the European Anseriform birds. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 2023, 327(4): 623. DOI:10.31610/trudyzin/2023.327.4.623
7.	Ying Ding, Lichuan Xiong, Fandi Ji, et al. Using citizen science data to improve regional bird species list: A case study in Shaanxi, China. Avian Research, 2022, 13: 100045. DOI:10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100045
8.	Minxia Liu, Lei Zhu, Yibo Ma, et al. Response of species abundance distribution pattern of alpine meadow community to sampling scales. The Rangeland Journal, 2022, 44(1): 13. DOI:10.1071/RJ21034
9.	Hao Zhai, Dehuai Meng, Zongzhi Li, et al. Complete mitochondrial genome of the common Pochard (Aythya ferina) from Ningxia Hui autonomous region, China. Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 2022, 7(1): 62. DOI:10.1080/23802359.2021.2008820
10.	Н.В. Лебедева. ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЙ ПОДХОД И НОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В СОХРАНЕНИИ ГУСЕОБРАЗНЫХ, "Наука юга России". Science in the South of Russia, 2022. DOI:10.7868/S25000640220411
11.	Asmaâ Ouassou, Mohamed Dakki, Mohammed-Aziz El Agbani, et al. Distribution and Numbers of Three Globally Threatened Waterbird Species Wintering in Morocco: The Common Pochard, Marbled Teal, and White-Headed Duck. International Journal of Zoology, 2021, 2021: 1. DOI:10.1155/2021/8846203

Other cited types(0)

Figures(5)

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Article Metrics

Article views (1267) PDF downloads (9) Cited by(11)

	Li Tian, Yu Liu, Yang Wu, Zimei Feng, Dan Hu, Zhengwang Zhang. 2024: Corrigendum to “Migration pattern of a population of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) breeding in East Asian tropical region” [Avian Res. 15 (2024) 100192]. Avian Research, 15(1): 100199. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100199
	Li Tian, Yu Liu, Yang Wu, Zimei Feng, Dan Hu, Zhengwang Zhang. 2024: Migration pattern of a population of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) breeding in East Asian tropical region. Avian Research, 15(1): 100192. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100192
	Monika Homolková, Petr Musil, Diego Pavón-Jordán, Dorota Gajdošová, Zuzana Musilová, Šárka Neužilová, Jan Zouhar. 2024: Changes in the adult sex ratio of six duck species breeding populations over two decades. Avian Research, 15(1): 100187. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100187
	Alfréd Trnka. 2024: The effect of Common Cuckoo parasitism on the annual productivity of a host population. Avian Research, 15(1): 100181. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100181
	Isabel Barwisch, Wolfgang Mewes, Angela Schmitz Ornés. 2022: Long-term monitoring data reveal effects of age, population density, and environmental aspects on hatching success of Common Cranes (Grus grus). Avian Research, 13(1): 100040. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100040
	Aymen Nefla, Ridha Ouni, Slaheddine Selmi, Saïd Nouira. 2021: Breeding biology of a relictual Maghreb Magpie (Pica mauritanica) population in Tunisia. Avian Research, 12(1): 12. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-021-00249-6
	Dong Dong, Xinping Ye, Zhong Lin, Xia Li, Min Li, Huaqiang Wang, Xiaoping Yu. 2018: Effects of breeding success, age and sex on breeding dispersal of a reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) in Ningshan County, China. Avian Research, 9(1): 40. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-018-0132-7
	Yiqiang FU, Simon D. DOWELL, Zhengwang ZHANG. 2013: Emei Shan Liocichla: population, behavior and conservation. Avian Research, 4(3): 260-264. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2013.0023
	Fawen QIAN, Hongxing JIANG, guohai YU, Youzhong YU, Jun YANG, Siliang PANG, Renzu PIAO. 2012: Survey of breeding populations of the Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) in the Songnen Plain, northeastern China. Avian Research, 3(3): 217-224. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2012.0028
	Ming MA. 2011: Status of the Xinjiang Ground Jay: population, breeding ecology and conservation. Avian Research, 2(1): 59-62. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2011.0007

Recent changes in breeding abundance and distribution of the Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) in its eastern range