Volume 4 Issue 2
May  2013
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Abstract
Background
Methods
Results
Discussion and conclusions
Additional file
Competing interests
Authors' contributions
Acknowledgements
References
Related Articles
Per ALSTRÖM, Urban OLSSON, Fumin LEI. 2013: A review of the recent advances in the systematics of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea. Avian Research, 4(2): 99-131. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2013.0016
Citation: Per ALSTRÖM, Urban OLSSON, Fumin LEI. 2013: A review of the recent advances in the systematics of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea. Avian Research, 4(2): 99-131. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2013.0016
shu

A review of the recent advances in the systematics of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea

  • 1.

    Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

  • 2.

    Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7007, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden

  • 3.

    Systematics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

More Information
  • Corresponding author:

    (Per Alström), E-mail: per.alstrom@slu.se

  • Received Date: 09 Mar 2013
  • Accepted Date: 25 Apr 2013
  • Available Online: 23 Apr 2023
    Graphical Abstract
    • Abstract

  • The systematics of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea are reviewed, focusing on studies of relationships among families and within genera, more superficially on taxonomic studies at the species level. For the families Bernieridae and Phylloscopidae, new analyses based on already published sequence data are presented. Our understanding of relationships has been vastly improved in recent years due to a large number of molecular studies. However, the relationships among the different families remain largely obscured, probably mainly as a result of rapid divergence of the different primary lineages (families). Also, species level taxonomy has been much improved in recent years due to a large number of studies applying molecular markers and/or vocalizations and other life-history data. It seems likely that the number of species will continue to increase, as new groups are being studied with modern integrative methods.

    • FullText(HTML)

  • Passeriformes is the largest group of birds in the world, containing nearly 60% of all bird species found on all continents except Antarctica (Sibley and Monroe 1990). The classification of the major groups of passerine birds has long been an issue of debate among avian systematists (Voous 1985; Sibley and Ahlquist 1990; Ericson and Johansson 2003; Barker et al. 2004). Phylogenetic analyses based on morphological characteristics are particularly difficult because of the great similarity and a high level of convergent evolution among passerine families (Beecher 1953; Tordoff 1954; Ames 1971; Raikow 1978). This limits the potential to outline high-level relationships within this assemblage using morphology. Sibley and Ahlquist (1990) finished the first comprehensive molecular study based on DNA-DNA hybridization data and suggested a different phylogenetic relationship from previously morphological characteristics based on using DNA-DNA hybridization. Their results support the traditional delimitation of oscines (suborder Passeri) and sub-oscines (suborder Tyranni) and, as well, they suggested that the oscines consisted of two sister groups, the Corvida, a clade that is primarily an Australo-Papuan group of "crow-like" birds and the Passerida, primarily a Northern Hemisphere group (Sibley and Monroe 1990). Passerida is the largest group within Passeriformes, which is further divided into three "superfamilies", the Muscicapidae, such as waxwings, dippers, thrushes, Old World flycatchers, starlings and mockingbirds; the Sylvioidea, such as nuthatches, tits, wrens, swallows, bulbuls, babblers and sylviine warblers and the Passeroidea, i.e., larks, pipits, wagtails, waxbills, weavers, finches, sparrows, cardinals, tanagers, wood warblers and blackbirds. Although the Muscicapoidae was considered to be the sister group of the other two groups (Sibley and Monroe 1990), this relationship was not corroborated by reanalysis of the DNA-DNA hybridization data set (Harshman 1994). Furthermore, monophyly of Passeroidea and Sylvioidea could not be confirmed by a more sophisticated experimental design and rigorous statistical analyses of the DNA-DNA hybridization data (Sheldon and Gill 1996). In recent years, Sibley and Alquist's taxonomy of birds has become the framework for many ecological and phylogenetic studies (e.g. Starck and Ricklefs 1998; Bennett and Owens 2002; Hawkins et al. 2006), however, their "Tapestry" also has been subjected to many criticisms, ranging from non-reproducibility (Mindell 1992) to sparse sampling of the complete distance matrix (Lanyon 1992).

    Many studies have been conducted based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence data to clarify the molecular phylogenetic relationships within passerines. However, the basal relationships of Passerida remain unresolved. For example, some disputes focused in the monophyly of Muscicapoidae (Cibois and Cracraft 2004; Voelker and Spellman 2004) and Sylvioidea (Spicer and Dunipace 2004), the origin of the oscine (Barker et al. 2002; Ericson et al. 2002; Fuchs et al. 2006) and the classification status of the Regulidae (Sturmbauer et al. 1998; Spicer and Dunipace 2004), Paridae (Ericson and Johansson 2003; Treplin et al. 2008; Fregin et al. 2012) and Alaudidae (Barker et al. 2002; Alström et al. 2006; Fregin et al. 2012). Johansson et al. (2008) presented a new phylogeny of Passerida based on three nuclear introns, showing that the Passerida is divided into nine groups with unresolved relationships. In addition, the following new molecular phylogenetic relationships at lower taxonomic levels have been identified: (1) the Muscicapinae and Turdinae (as circumscribed in Sibley and Monroe 1990) are not monophyletic (Voelker and Spellman 2004) and the Saxicolinae is paraphyletic (Sangster et al. 2010), (2) a revised classification of Parulidae (Lovette et al. 2010) and (3) the family of Locustellidae is non-monophyletic (Alström et al. 2011). DNA sequence-based studies also indicated that several of the taxa that were included in the Passerida did not belong to this radiation according to the taxonomy of Sibley and Monroe (1990). For example, the Tibetan Ground-Jay (Pseudopodoces humilis), which in previous classifications was placed among the crows (e.g. Riley 1930; Hume 1871; Monroe and Sibley 1993; Cibois et al. 1999), has recently been shown to be a ground-living tit (Paridae) (James et al. 2003). The uncertainty and conflict in these studies show a clear need to increase both the number of independent loci sequenced and the extent of taxon sampling to help resolve difficult nodes.

    Ribosomal genes are considered to be modestly evolving sequences (Pereira and Baker 2006) and are suitable for high-level phylogenetic research (Hedges 1994; Vun et al. 2011). In our study, we applied a mitochondrial locus, i.e., the 12S ribosomal RNA gene, as genetic marker to explore several issues relating to Passerida. Our primary objective was to examine the basal relationships within the Passerida and test the monophyly of the three superfamilies. In addition, we investigated the taxonomic position of several taxa of uncertain phylogenetic affinities.

    Sampling, amplification and sequencing

    We obtained frozen tissue samples from two individuals of 15 species from collections of the Life Science Museum of Hebei Normal University (See Additional file 1: Table S1). The total DNA was extracted followed the procedure described by Sambrook and Russell (2001). The 12S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified in a 50 μL amplification reaction using a PCR kit (TransGen Biotech Co. (Beijing)). The PCR reactions were amplified using the following profile: denaturation at 94℃ for 1 min followed by 30 cycles consisting of a 45-s 94℃ denaturation step, a 40-s 55℃ annealing step, a 1-min 72℃ extension step and a final extension of 5 min at 72℃. The PCR products were verified by electrophoresis and purified using a gel extraction kit according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The purified PCR amplicons were cycle-sequenced at Sangon Biotech Co. (Shanghai). The primer pair used for the DNA amplification and sequencing was designed by Sorenson et al. (1999): L1753, 5′-AAACTGGGATTAGATACCCCACTAT-3′; and H2294, 5′-TTTTCAGGCGTAAGCTGAATGCTT-3′. All sequences were deposited in GenBank (Additional file 1: Table S1). We also downloaded the 12S ribosomal gene sequence data of 34 closely related ingroup species from GenBank to analyze together with our data (Additional file 1: Table S1). In total 49 species were sampled to represent 14 ingroup families of Passerida. Redbacked Shrike (Lanius collurio) and Rook (Corvus frugilegus) were used as outgroups in this analysis.

    Phylogenetic analyses

    All 51 species of the 12S ribosomal RNA sequence were aligned using Clustal X 1.81 (Thompson et al. 1997). The sequence alignments were unambiguous and verified visually. For all the phylogenetic analyses, the gaps were classified as missing data. These analyses were performed on a reduced sequence dataset (435 bp) after cutting off both ragged sides. The genetic distance and the statistics of the nucleotide composition of all the taxa were computed in MEGA 4.0 (Tamura et al. 2007). The phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). The MP and ML analyses were performed in PAUP*4.0b10a (Swofford 2002). The MP analysis was carried out using heuristic searches with 1000 random addition sequence replicates, tree bisection reconnection (TBR) branch swapping and the transitions and transversions were given equal weight. The ML analysis was based on the best-fit substitution model, which was selected using the Akaike Information Criterion in Modeltest version 3.7 (Posada and Crandall 1998). For the ML analysis, a heuristic search with the TBR branch swapping algorithm and 100 random addition replicates were used. To assess nodal reliability, bootstrap analyses were conducted with 1000 replicates for the tree topologies of MP and ML. The BI analysis was performed using MrBayes version 3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001). The BI searches used Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling with one cold and three heated chains running for 4000000 generations with a sampling frequency of 100. The generations sampled before the chain reached stationarity were discarded as "burnin". Subsequently, the posterior probabilities were derived from the 50% majority rule consensus of all the trees retained.

    Sequence characteristics and genetic diversity

    The sequences obtained from the 12S rRNA locus (partial sequence) of 15 species representing 7 families varied in length from 435 bp in the Lanceolated Warbler (Locustella lanceolata) to 562 bp in the Pallas's Warbler (Phylloscopus proregulus) (median=523 bp). When these sequences were aligned with previous published sequences of the 34 closely related species, there were 312 conserved sites, 198 variable sites, including 153 parsimony information sites and 45 singleton sites, among the 515 sites, including gaps, in a total of 49 ingroup sequences. The nucleotide frequencies were 0.296 (A), 0.190 (T), 0.287 (C) and 0.227 (G). The 12S ribosomal RNA sequences were enriched in adenine residues and deficient in thymine residues; however, the GC and AT contents were nearly equal (51.9 and 49.1%). The transition/transversion rate ratios were k1=2.845 (purines) and k2=5.076 (pyrimidines). All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset (Complete-deletion option). Pairwise sequence divergence within the ingroup at this locus varied from 0.1% (between White Wagtail (Motacilla alba) and Gray Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea)) to 16.5% (between Yellowbrowed Warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus) and Grosbeak Weaver (Amblyospiza albifrons)).

    Phylogenetic analysis

    In the MP analysis, 12 equally parsimonious trees were obtained using a branch-swapping algorithm. The tree length was 911, the consistency index (CI) 0.3061 and the retention index (RI) 0.5808. Our bootstrap analysis showed large numbers of well-supported nodes (see Figure 1). Of the 48 nodes that were retained in the strict consensus of the equally parsimonious tree, 37 (77%) were recovered in≥50%, 28 (58%) in≥70% and 24 (50%) in≥90% of bootstrap replicates.

    Figure  1.  The maximum-Parsimony tree (strict consensus of 12 trees, L=911 steps) obtained from the passerine analyses of the 12S ribosomal data.
    The numbers on the branches are the nodal support data. The proportion of bootstrap replicates in which a given node was recovered is indicated by branch thickness: a thickened branch indicates BP≥90%.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    ML analysis of the sequence evolution was calculated with the hierarchical likelihood ratio test (hLRTs) using Modeltest 3.7 and yielded the GTR+I+G model as the best-fit model. The same model was used for the BI analysis. These two analyses obtained the same topology of the phylogenetic trees but with minor differences in the value of the bootstrap support (BP) and posterior probabilities (PP), such that only the ML tree is presented (Figure 2). The majority of the branch nodes indicated high BP and PP values. Of the 49 nodes retained in the consensus ML tree, 36 (73%) were recovered in≥50%, 28 (57%) in≥70% and 25 (51%) in≥90% of bootstrap replicates. The relative number of nodes in the BI was 37 (78%)≥0.50, 30 (61%)≥0.70 and 25 (51%)≥0.90.

    Figure  2.  Maximum-likelihood tree (-lnL=4869.58551) obtained from the passerine analyses of 12S ribosomal data.
    The numbers on the branches are the nodal support data (the proportion of bootstrap replicates/posterior probability of Bayesian inference). The proportion of bootstrap replicates in which a given node was recovered is indicated by branch thickness: a thickened branch indicates BP≥90% and PP≥0.90.
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    In MP and ML tree topologies (Figures 1 and 2), all species were divided into three major clades: Sylvioidea, Muscicapoidea and Passeroidea. Sylvioidea sistered to Passeroidea and Muscicapoidea clade sistered to both Sylvioidea and Passeroidea. The mean genetic distances calculated using the Kimula 2-Parameter model in the three major clades are as follows: Passeroidea/Sylvioidea 0.091, Passeroidea/Muscicapoidea 0.097 and Sylvioidea/Muscicapoidea 0.106.

    Among the three phylogenetic trees, the topology structure of Muscicapoidea clade was congruent, whereas the topology of Passeroidea clade in the MP tree was different from the ML and BI trees. In the MP tree, the Orange-bellied Flowerpecker (Dicaeum trigonostigma) and Collared Sunbird (Anthreptes collaris) constituted one basal branch of the Passeroidea clade, whereas they were two separate clades in the ML and Bayesian trees. The location of the Amblyospiza albifrons was different. It was the sister species to Passer and Emberiza in the MP tree but clustered with the Loxia and Carduelis in the ML and BI trees. The topologies of the Sylvioidea were largely different in the three trees, although they were composed of the same species (Figures 1 and 2). In the MP tree, the Sylvioidea clade consisted of three separated clades. Phylloscopus was placed at the deepest branch as a basal lineage and sistered to the other two branches (Figure 1). The first branch included sampled species of Acrocephalus, Apalis, Cisticola, Parus, Pycnonotus, Panurus, Aegithalos and Eremophila, while the other branch contained Locustella and two sister groups. One sister group comprised Anthoscopus, Psalidoprocne and Tachycineta and the other sister group included representatives of Leiothrix and Zosterops. In the ML tree, the Sylvioidea comprised two separate branches with strong support (BP=93%, PP=0.96). The first branch, which diverged early, consists of two sister groups, Eremophila/Pycnonotus and Parus/Cisticola and the other branch consists of the rest of the species (Figure 2). In the latter clade, Locustella, Acrocephalus and Aegithalos comprised three external clades with two interior clades nested inside. One interior clade comprised Panurus, Anthoscopus, Psalidoprocne, Tachycineta and Phylloscopus and the other interior clade included Apalis, Leiothrix and Zosterops (Figure 2). In addition, a striking arrangement was observed for Pseudopodoces humilis, which was sampled to represent Paridae. Pseudopodoces humilis was nested in the clade corresponding to Muscicapidae and was placed as a sister taxa to species of Muscicapidae with strong support (91% in the BP analysis and 94% in both the MP and ML analyses and PP=0.98 in the BI analysis).

    Phylogeny of the three superfamilies

    In our results, all sampled members of the Passerida were clustered together in the MP, ML and Bayesian trees. Our results identified the monophyly of the three superfamilies. Both Sylvioidea and Muscicapoidea obtained strong support in the ML and BI analyses (BP > 90% in the ML analysis and PP > 90% in the BI analysis). They were also supported by the MP analysis (BP > 80%). The Passeroidea clade was weakly supported by three analyses (BP=56% in the MP analysis and 57% in the ML analysis and PP=69% in the BI analysis). The classification of Johansson et al. (2008) was supported by our results with two exceptions. First, the Parus major, which had been placed as a distinct clade sister to Sylvioidea (Johansson et al. 2008; Treplin et al. 2008) was identified as a member of the super family; second, the Regulidae, Regulus, classified by Jonsson and Fjeldsa (2006) as a deep sole clade in the Passerida, was united with the Sturnidae and nested in the Muscicapoidea clade.

    Barker et al. (2002) suggested that the Sylvioidea was the earliest split of the Passerida. In the topology of the phylogeny of Johansson et al. (2008) the Passeriodea was the basal clade, but we found that the Muscicapoidea was a basal lineage for the sampled taxa in this study. Our results are largely consistent with the conclusions of recent studies based on the mitochondrial genome (Nabholz et al. 2010), which suggested that the Muscicapoidea was the deepest clade sister to the clade grouping Sylvioidea and Passeroidea. However, in their phylogenetic trees, the Paridae represented a deep, isolated lineage within the Passerida.

    Relationships within Muscicapoidea

    The monophyly of the Muscicapoidea was revealed with strong support and the structure of this clade was congruent in the three trees. The species of Turdinae constitute the deepest branch within the superfamily with strong support and sister to all the other Muscicapoidea taxa. These results are not consistent with the monophyly of Muscicapidae, the "core muscicapoid" group that was defined by Barker et al. (2002). This was not the first time that the status of the Turdinae had been questioned. Voelker and Spellman (2004) determined that the Turdinae was not a part of the Muscicapidae but was sister to a Sturnidae and Cinclidae clade based on the nuclear c-mos gene and mitochondrial loci data. Regulidae was defined as a sole clade by Johansson et al. (2008), but in this study it was placed in the Muscicapidae clade and grouped with the Sturnus in the trees constructed from our data. The position of the Regulidae has been argued in previous studies. Sturmbauer et al. (1998) determined that the kinglets were in the Sylvioidea and were a sister to a clade comprising Parus and Phylloscopus, Spicer and Dunipace (2004) placed it in the Corvoidea, while Fregin et al. (2012) arranged it in Passeroidea. Our results show that the Regulidae should belong to the Muscicapoidea, an arrangement that agrees with the study of Beresford et al. (2005) based on sequence data of a nuclear RAG gene. In addition, the Muscicapini (Ficedula and Muscicapa) was found to be nested in the Saxicolinae, which indicates the paraphyly of these taxa (Sangster et al. 2010). The closest relationship of the genus Tarsiger and the genus Ficedula (Outlaw and Voelker 2006) was also supported by our results. Pseudopodoces humilis had ever been placed in the clade of Corvoidea (Sibley and Monroe 1990) and could be removed into the clade of Paridae (James et al. 2003). Although we have one shorter marker we corroborated that Pseudopodoces humilis does not belong to the Corviods, but is a sister to the Muscicapini instead of grouping it with Parus.

    Relationships within the Passeroidea

    We revealed the monophyly of the Passeroidea, although this clade receives only weak support (BP was 56% in the MP analysis and 57% in the ML analyses and the PP=0.69 in the BI analysis). In the major clade corresponding to the "Passeroidea" defined by Johansson et al. (2008), the Nectariniidae, represented by Dicaeum trigonostigma and Anthreptes collaris, was the sister group to the other examined sparrows with one single (Figure 1, MP tree) or two separate clades (Figure 2, ML and BI trees). The other sampled taxa in this major clade were divided into two groups. All sampled taxa in these two groups have same positions in the three trees except Amblyospiza albifrons, which was clustered with Loxia and Carduelis in the MP tree but was grouped with Passer and Emberiza in the ML and Bayesian trees. We found that the Motacillidae is closely related with Fringillidae. This arrangement was also recovered in a previous study (Beresford et al. 2005). Our results also show the polyphyly of the Emberizinae, as well as the sampled taxa of this subfamily, divided into two groups of the Passeroidea clade. This discovery was not consistent with Sibley and Ahlquist (1990), but was identical to the findings of Yuri and Mindell (2002), which were based on mitochondrial sequence data.

    Relationships within the Sylvioidea

    Although the major clade corresponding to the "Sylvioidea" included the same taxa and obtained strong support in the three phylogenetic trees (Figures 1 and 2), the relationships within this assemblage were largely different between the MP analysis and the other analyses (the ML and BI analyses obtained similar results). For example, the basal lineage was Phylloscopus in the MP tree, whereas this location was occupied by the group consisting of Eremophila, Pycnonotus, Parus and Cisticola in the trees constructed from the ML and BI analyses (see Figures 1 and 2). The Sylvioidea clade in these trees included the sampled taxa representing the Sylviidae (Phylloscopus, Acrocephalus, Locustella, Panurus and Leiothrix), Aegithalidae (Aegithalos), Hirundinidae (Tachycineta and Psalidoprocne), Pycnonotidae (Pycnonotus), Cisticolidae (Cisticola and Apalis), Zosteropidae (Zosterops) and Paridae (Anthoscopus and Parus). This clade also included the horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), the representative of Eremophila.

    We also found some similarities in these three analyses despite the high divergence in the clade Sylvioidea. First, the non-monophyly of the Paridae was identified. The Parus and Anthoscopus were sisters to the Cisticola and Hirundinidae (Psalidoprocne and Tachycineta) respectively and their relationships were highly supported. Second, the Leiothrix was sister to Zosterops and demonstrated the close relationship of the two groups. This relationship received strong support in three analyses. Third, the polyphyly of the Sylviidae (Cibois et al. 1999) was supported by our results, whereas the Locustella was located in a basal separate clade. The other sampled genera of the Sylviidae, Phylloscopus, Acrocephalus, Leiothrix and Panurus, were placed in several separate clades. Finally, the polyphyly of the Cisticolidae was confirmed for the two genera of this family, Apalis and Cisticola. They were located in different branches of this assemblage. We must conclude that the relationships within Sylvioidea are poorly resolved in our study, a situation that may be related to the rapid radiation of the families within this assemblage (Fregin et al. 2012).

    Additional file 1: Table S1. The species in which the 12S ribosomal RNA genes were sequenced for this study. Table S2. List of sample sequences retrieved from GenBank used in the study.

    The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

    YW and DL designed the experiments and LW conducted the experiments. LW, YS, JL and YL analyzed the data and finished the earlier draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

    This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 31000191, 31330073), the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (2011 M500537), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (NSFHB, 2012205018), the Natural Science Foundation of the Department of Education, Hebei Province (YQ2014024) to D. Li, and NSFHB (2013205018) to Y. Wu.

    • References (285)
  • Aleixo A, Pacheco JF. 2006. A family name for the monotypic oscine passerine genus Donacobius. Rev Brasil Ornitol, 14: 172–173.
    Alström P, Barnes KN, Olsson U, Barker FK, Bloomer P, Khan AA, Qureshi MA, Guillaumet A, Crochet P-A, Ryan PG. 2013. Multilocus phylogeny of the avian family Alaudidae (larks) reveals complex morphological evolution, non-monophyletic genera and hidden species diversity. Mol Phylogenet Evol. doi: .
    Alström P, Davidson P, Duckworth JW, Eames JC, Le TT, Nguyen C, Olsson U, Robson C, Timmins RJ. 2010. Description of a new species of Phylloscopus warbler from Vietnam and Laos. Ibis, 152: 145–168.
    Alström P, Fregin S, Norman JA, Ericson PGP, Christidis L, Olsson U. 2011a. Multilocus analysis of a taxonomically densely sampled dataset reveal extensive non- monophyly in the avian family Locustellidae. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 38: 381–397.
    Alström P, Höhna S, Gelang M, Ericson PGP, Olsson U. 2011b. Non-monophyly and intricate morphological evolution within the avian family Cettiidae revealed by multilocus analysis of a taxonomically densely sampled dataset. BMC Evol Biol, 11: 352.
    Alström P, Fjeldså J, Fregin S, Olsson U. 2011c. Gross morphology betrays phylogeny: the Scrub Warbler Scotocerca inquieta is not a cisticolid. Ibis, 153: 87–97.
    Alström P, Saitoh T, Williams D, Nishiumi I, Shigeta Y, Ueda K, Irestedt M, Björklund M, Olsson U. 2011d. The Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis – three anciently separated cryptic species revealed. Ibis, 153: 395–410.
    Alström P, Olsson U, Colston P. 1997. Re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of Phylloscopus proregulus kansuensis Meise. Bull Br Ornithol Club, 117: 177–193.
    Alström P, Olsson U, Colston PR. 1990. Description of a possible new species of leaf warbler of the genus Phylloscopus from China. Bull Br Ornithol Club, 110: 43–47.
    Alström P, Olsson U, Colston PR. 1992. A new species of Phylloscopus warbler from central China. Ibis, 134: 329–334.
    Alström P, Olsson U, Rasmussen PC, Yao C-T, Ericson PGP, Sundberg P. 2007. Morphological, vocal and genetic divergence in the Cettia acanthizoides complex (Aves: Cettiidae). Zool J Linn Soc, 149: 437–452.
    Alström P, Olsson U, Round PD. 1991. The taxonomic status of Acrocephalus agricola tangorum. Forktail, 6: 3–13.
    Alström P, Olsson U. 1990. Taxonomy of the Phylloscopus proregulus complex. Bull Br Ornithol Club, 110: 38–43.
    Alström P, Olsson U. 1992. Taxonomic status of Phylloscopus affinis and P. subaffinis. Bull Br Ornithol Club, 112: 111–126.
    Alström P, Olsson U. 1995. A new species of Phylloscopus warbler from Sichuan Province, China. Ibis, 137: 459–468.
    Alström P, Olsson U. 1999. The Golden-spectacled Warbler: a complex of sibling species, including a previously undescribed species. Ibis, 141: 545–568.
    Alström P, Olsson U. 2000. Golden-spectacled Warbler systematics. Ibis, 142: 495–500.
    Alström P, Rasmussen PC, Olsson U, Sundberg P. 2008. Species delimitation based on multiple criteria: the Spotted Bush Warbler Bradypterus thoracicus complex (Aves, Megaluridae). Zool J Linn Soc, 154: 291–307.
    Alström P. 1998. Taxonomy of the Mirafra assamica complex. Forktail, 13: 97–107.
    Alström P. Ericson PGP, Olsson U, Sundberg P. 2006. Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 38: 381–397.
    Athreya R. 2006. A new species of Liocichla (Aves: Timaliidae) from Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Indian Birds, 2: 82–94.
    Ayé R, Hertwig ST, Schweizer M. 2010. Discovery of a breeding area of the enigmatic large-billed reed warbler Acrocephalus orinus. J Avian Biol, 41: 452–459.
    Babin MJ. 2005. Geographic variation in rough-winged swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae: Stelgidopteryx. M.S. thesis. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Louisiana, USA.
    Bairlein F, Alström P, Aymí R, Clement P, Dyrcz A, Gargallo G, Hawkins F, Madge S, Pearson D, Svensson L. 2006. Family Sylviidae (Warblers). In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Christie DA (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp 492–709.
    Baker K. 1997. Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa. A & C Black, London.
    Bannerman DA, Bates GL. 1924. On the birds collected in Northwestern and Northern Cameroon and parts of northern Nigeria – Part Ⅱ. Systematic Notes. Ibis, 66: 200–276.
    Bannerman DA. 1948. The Birds of Tropical West Africa. Vol. 6. Crown Agents, London.
    Barhoum DN, Burns KJ. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the Wrentit based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Condor, 104: 740–749.
    Barker FK, Barrowclough GF, Groth JG. 2002. A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data. Proc R Soc Lond B, 269: 295–308.
    Barker FK, Cibois A, Schikler P, Feinstein J, Cracraft J. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101: 11040–11045.
    Bates GL. 1930. Handbook of the Birds of West Africa. Bale, Sons and Danielson, London.
    Beecher WJ. 1953. A phylogeny of the oscines. Auk, 70: 270–333.
    Bensch S, Helbig AJ, Salomon M, Seibold I. 2002. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis identifies hybrids between two subspecies of warblers. Mol Ecol, 11: 473–481.
    Bensch S, Pearson D. 2002. The Large-billed Reed Warbler Acrocephalus orinus revisited. Ibis, 144: 259–267.
    Beresford P, Barker FK, Ryan PG, Crowe TM. 2005. African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'. Proc Roy Soc Lond B, 272: 849–858.
    BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona and Cambridge, UK.
    Bock WJ. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bull Amer Mus Nat Hist, 222: 1–283.
    Brambilla M, Vitulano S, Spina F, Baccetti N, Gargallo G, Fabbri E, Guidali F, Randi E. 2008a. A molecular phylogeny of the Sylvia cantillans complex: cryptic species within the Mediterranean basin. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 48: 461–472.
    Brambilla M, Janni O, Guidali F, Sorace A. 2008b. Song perception among incipient species as a mechanism for reproductive isolation. J Evol Biol, 21: 651–657.
    Brambilla M, Quaglierini A, Reginato F, Vitulano S, Guidali F. 2008c. Syntopic taxa in the Sylvia cantillans species complex. Acta Ornithol, 43: 217–220.
    Brosset A, Erard C. 1986. Les Oiseaux des Régions Forestiêres du Gabon, Vol. 1. Société National de Protection de la Nature, Paris
    Cabanis J. 1875. [Neue Arten]. J Ornithol, 23: 234–238.
    Cerasale DJ, Dor R, Winkler DW, Lovette IJ. 2012. Phylogeny of the Tachycineta genus of new world swallows: insights from complete mitochondrial genomes. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 63: 64–71.
    Chapin JP. 1953. The birds of the Belgian Congo. Part Ⅲ. Bull AMNH, 75A: 1–826.
    Chappuis C. 1974. Illustration sonore de problèmes bioacoustiques posés par les oiseaux de la zone éthiopienne. Alauda, 42: 197–222.
    Cheng T-H. 1987. A Synopsis to the Avifauna of China. Parey Scientific Publ., Hamburg, Germany.
    Chikuni K, Minaka N, Ikenaga H. 1996. Molecular phylogeny of some Passeriformes, based on cytochrome b sequences. J Yamashina Inst Orn, 28: 1–8.
    Cibois A, Beadell JS, Graves GR, Pasquet E, Slikas B, Sonsthagen SA, Thibault J-C, Fleischer RC. 2011a. Charting the course of reed-warblers across the Pacific islands. J Biogeogr, 38: 1963–1975.
    Cibois A, Cracraft J. 2004. Assessing the passerine "Tapestry": phylogenetic relationships of the Muscicapoidea inferred from nuclear DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 32: 264–273.
    Cibois A, Kalyakin MV, Han LX, Pasquet E. 2002. Molecular phylogenetics of babblers (Timaliidae): reevaluation of the genera Yuhina and Stachyris. J Avian Biol, 33: 380–390
    Cibois A, Normand D, Gregory SMS, Pasquet E. 2010. Bernieridae (Aves: Passeriformes): a family-group name for the Malagasy sylvioid radiation. Zootaxa, 2554: 65–68.
    Cibois A, Pasquet E, Schulenberg TS. 1999. Molecular systematics of the Malagasy babblers (Passeriformes: Timaliidae) and warblers (Passeriformes: Sylviidae), based on cytochrome b and 16S rRNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 13: 581–595.
    Cibois A, Slikas B, Schulenberg TS, Pasquet E. 2001. An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Evolution, 55: 1198–1206.
    Cibois A, Thibault J-C, Pasquet E. 2007. Uniform phenotype conceals double colonization by reed-warblers of a remote Pacific archipelago. J Biogeogr, 34: 1155–1166.
    Cibois A, Thibault J-C, Pasquet E. 2008. Systematics of the extinct reed warblers Acrocephalus of the Society Islands of eastern Polynesia. Ibis, 150: 365–376.
    Cibois A, Thibault J-C, Raust P, Pasquet E. 2011b. Systematics of the reed-warblers (Acrocephalus atyphus) of the Tuamotu archipelago, Eastern Polynesia. Emu, 111: 139–147.
    Cibois A. 2003a. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of babblers (Timaliidae). Auk, 120: 35–54.
    Cibois A. 2003b. Sylvia is a babbler: taxonomic implications for the families Sylviidae and Timaliidae. Bull Br Ornithol Club, 123: 257–261.
    Clancey PA. 1966. Subspeciation in southern African populations of Sabota Lark Mirafra sabota Smith. Ostrich, 37: 207–213.
    Clancey PA. 1980. S.A.O.S. Checklist of Southern African Birds. Southern African Ornithological Society, Johannesburg.
    Clancey PA. 1989. Taxonomic and distributional findings on some birds from Namibia. Cimbebasia, 11: 111–133.
    Collar NJ, Robson C. 2007. Family Timaliidae (Babblers). In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Christie DA (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp 70–291.
    Collar NJ. 2006. A partial revision of the Asian babblers (Timaliidae). Forktail, 22: 85–112.
    Collar NJ. 2011. Taxonomic notes on some Asian babblers (Timaliidae). Forktail, 27: 100–102.
    Cracraft J, Barker FK, Braun M, Harshman J, Dyke GJ, Feinstein J, Stanley S, Cibois A, Schikler P, Beresford P, García-Moreno J, Sorenson MP, Yuri T, Mindell DP. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes). Toward an avian tree of life. In: Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ (eds), Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    Cracraft J. 1989. Speciation and its ontology: the empirical consequences of alternative species concepts for understanding patterns and processes of differentiation. In: Otte D, Endler JA (eds) Speciation and Its Consequences. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass, pp 28–59.
    Cramp S. 1992. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 7. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    Dai C, Chen K, Zhang R, Yang X, Yin Z, Tian H, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Lei F. 2010. Molecular phylogenetic analysis among species of Paridae, Remizidae and Aegithalos based on mtDNA sequences of COI and cyt b. Chinese Birds, 1: 112–123.
    Dai C, Wang W, Lei F. 2013. Multilocus phylogeography (mitochondrial, autosomal and Z-chromosomal loci) and genetic consequences of long-distance male dispersal in Black-throated tits (Aegithalos concinnus). Heredity, 110: 457–465.
    Dai C, Zhao N, Wang W, Lin C, Gao B, Yang X, Zhang Z, Lei F. 2011. Profound climatic effects on two East Asian BlackThroated Tits (Aves: Aegithalidae), revealed by ecological niche models and phylogeographic analysis. PLoS ONE, 6(12): e29329.
    de Juana E, Suárez F, Ryan P, Alström P, Donald P. 2004. Family Alaudidae (Larks). In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Christie DA (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 9. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp 496–601.
    Dean WRJ, Fry CH, Keith S, Lack P. 1992. Family Alaudidae: Larks. In: Keith S, Urban EK, Fry CH (eds) The Birds of Africa, Vol. 4. Academic Press, London, pp 13–124.
    Degnan SM, Moritz C. 1992. Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA in two species of white-eyes in Australia. Auk, 109: 800–811.
    Deignan H. 1964a. Subfamily Panurinae, parrotbills. In: Mayr E, Paynter RA (eds) Check-list of Birds of the World, Vol. X. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass, pp 430–442.
    Deignan H. 1964b. Subfamily Timaliinae, babblers. In: Mayr E, Paynter RA (eds). Check-list of Birds of the World, Vol. X. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass, pp 240–427.
    del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Christie DA. 2006. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers, Vol. 11. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
    Delacour J. 1942–1943. The bush-warblers of the genera Cetti and Bradypterus, with notes on allied genera and species. Ibis, 6: 509–519.
    Delacour J. 1943. A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls). Zoologica, 28: 17–28.
    Delacour J. 1946. Les timaliinés. L'Oiseau, 16: 7–36.
    Dickinson E. 2003. The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Third ed. Helm, London.
    Dickinson EC, Dekker RWRJ. 2001. Systematic notes on Asian birds. 11. A preliminary review of the Alaudidae. Zool Verh Leiden, 335: 61–84.
    Dickinson EC, Rasmussen PC, Round PD, Rozendaal FG. 2000. Systematic notes on Asian birds. 1. A review of the russet bush-warbler Bradypterus seebohmi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1895). Zool Verh Leiden, 331: 12–64.
    Dong F, Li S-H, Yang X-J. 2010a. Molecular systematics and diversification of the Asian scimitar babblers (Timaliidae, Aves) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 57: 1268–1275.
    Dong F, Wu F, Liu LM, Yang XJ. 2010b. Molecular phylogeny of the barwings (Aves: Timaliidae: Actinodura), a paraphyletic group, and its taxonomic implications. Zool Stud, 49: 703–709.
    Dor R, Carling MD, Lovette IJ, Sheldon FH, Winkler DW. 2012. Species trees for the tree swallows (Genus Tachycineta): An alternative phylogenetic hypothesis to the mitochondrial gene tree. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 65: 317–322.
    Dor R, Safran RJ, Sheldon FH, Winkler DW, Lovette IJ. 2010. Phylogeny of the genus Hirundo and the Barn Swallow subspecies complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 56: 409–418.
    Dowsett RJ, Dowsett-Lemaire F. 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Reports 5. Tauraco Press, Liège.
    Dowsett RJ, Olson SL, Roy MS, Dowsett-Lemaire F. 1999. Systematic status of the Black-collared Bulbul Neolestes torquatus. Ibis, 141: 22–28.
    Dowsett-Lemaire F, Dowsett RJ. 1987. European and African Reed Warblers, Acrocephalus scirpaceus and A. baeticatus: vocal and other evidence for a single species. Bull Br Ornithol Club, 107: 74–85.
    Drovetski SV, Zink RM, Fadeev IV, Nesterov EV, Koblik EA, Red'kin YA, Rohwer S. 2004. Mitochondrial phylogeny of Locustella and related genera. J Avian Biol, 35: 105–110.
    Eck S. 1994. Die geographisch-morphologische Vikarianz der grossen palaearktischen Rohrsänger (Aves: Passeriformes: Sylviidae: Acrocephalus[arundinaceus]). Zool Abh Staatl Mus Tierkd Dresden, 48: 161–168.
    Ericson PGP, Johansson US. 2003. Phylogeny of Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 29: 126–138.
    Fjeldså J, Goodman SM, Schulenberg TS, Slikas B. 1999. Molecular evidence for relationships of Malagasy birds. In: Adams NJ, Slotow RH (eds) Proceedings of the 22nd International Ornithological Congress, Durban. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, pp 3084–3094.
    Fjeldså J, Irestedt M, Ericson PGP, Zuccon D. 2010. The Cinnamon Ibon Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus is a forest canopy sparrow. Ibis, 152: 747–760.
    Fregin S, Haase M, Olsson U, Alström P. 2009. Multi-locus phylogeny of the family Acrocephalidae (Aves: Passeriformes) –The traditional taxonomy overthrown. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 52: 866–878.
    Fregin S, Haase M, Olsson U, Alström P. 2012. New insights into family relationships within the avian superfamily Sylvioidea (Passeriformes) based on seven molecular markers. BMC Evol Biol, 12: 157.
    Fry CH, Williamson K, Ferguson-Lees IJ. 1974. A new subspecies of Acrocephalus baeticatus from Lake Chad and a taxonomic reappraisal of Acrocephalus dumetorum. Ibis, 116: 340–346.
    Fuchs J, Fjeldså J, Bowie RCK, Voelker G, Pasquet E. 2006. The African warbler genus Hyliota as a lost lineage in the oscine songbird tree: molecular support for an African origin of the Passerida. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 39: 186–197.
    Fuchs J, Fjeldså J, Bowie RCK. 2011. Diversification across an altitudinal gradient in the Tiny Greenbul (Phyllastrephus debilis) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa. BMC Evol Biol, 11: 117.
    García JT, Suárez F, Garza V, Calero-Riestra M, Hernández J, Pérez-Tris J. 2008. Genetic and phenotypic variation among geographically isolated populations of the globally threatened Dupont's lark Chersophilus duponti. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 46: 237–251.
    Gavrilov EI, Savchenko AP. 1991. On species validity of the Pale Sand Martin (Riparia diluta Sharpe et Wyatt, 1893). Byul Mosk O-va Isp Prir Otd Biol, 96: 34–44. (in Russian)
    Gelang M, Cibois A, Pasquet E, Olsson U, Alström P, Ericson PGP. 2009. Phylogeny of babblers (Aves, Passeriformes): major lineages, family limits and classification. Zool Scr, 32: 279–296.
    Gill F, Donsker D. 2013. IOC World Bird List (version 3.3). . Accessed 5 March 2013.
    Goroshko OA. 1993. Taxonomic status of the pale (sand?) martin Riparia (riparia?) diluta (Sharpe & Wyatt, 1893). Russ Ornit Zhurnal, 2: 303–323. (in Russian)
    Guillaumet A, Crochet PA, Godelle B. 2005. Phenotypic variation in Galerida larks in Morocco: the role of history and natural selection. Mol Ecol, 14: 3809–3821.
    Guillaumet A, Crochet PA, Pons J-M. 2008. Climate-driven diversification in two widespread Galerida larks. BMC Evol Biol, 8: 32.
    Guillaumet A, Pons JM, Godelle B, Crochet PA. 2006. History of the Crested Lark in the Mediterranean region as revealed by mtDNA sequences and morphology. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 39: 645–656.
    Haffer J. 1991. Familie Sylviidae-Zweigsänger (Grasmücken und Verwandte). In: von Blotzheim GUN, Bauer KM (eds) Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, Vol. 12. Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp 11–21 and 208–216.
    Hall BP, Moreau RE. 1970. An Atlas of Speciation in African Passerine Birds. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.
    Hamao S, Veluz MJS, Saitoh T, Nishiumi I. 2008. Phylogenetic relationship and song differences between closely related bush warblers (Cettia seebohmi and C. diphone). Wilson J Ornithol, 120: 268–276.
    Hanotte O, Knox AG, Prigogine A. 1987. The taxonomic status of Nicator: Evidence from feather protein electrophoresis. Biochem Syst Ecol, 15: 629–634.
    Harrison CJO. 1966. The validity of some genera of larks (Alaudidae). Ibis, 108: 573–583.
    Hartert E. 1909. Die Vögel der Paläarktischen Fauna. Verlag von R. Friedländer und Sohn, Berlin.
    Helbig AJ, Martens J, Seibold I, Henning F, Schottler B, Wink M. 1996. Phylogeny and species limits in the Palaearctic chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita complex: mitochondrial genetic differentiation and bioacoustic evidence. Ibis, 138: 650–666.
    Helbig AJ, Salomon M, Bensch S, Seibold I. 2001. Male-biased gene flow across an avian hybrid zone: evidence from mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA. J Evol Biol, 14: 277–287.
    Helbig AJ, Seibold I, Martens J, Wink M. 1995. Genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of Bonelli's Warbler Phylloscopus bonelli and Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus. J Avian Biol, 26: 139–153.
    Helbig AJ, Seibold I. 1999. Molecular phylogeny of Palearctic–African Acrocephalus and Hippolais warblers (Aves: Sylviidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol, 11: 246–260.
    Holyoak DT, Thibault J-C. 1984. Contribution a l'eìtude des oiseaux de Polyneìsie orientale. Meìm. MNHN, Paris, 127: 1–209.
    Inskipp T, Lindsey N, Duckworth W. 1996. An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of the Oriental Region. Oriental Bird Club, Sandy, Bedfordshire
    International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, Padova.
    Irestedt M, Gelang M, Olsson U, Ericson PGP, Sangster G, Alström P. 2011. Neumann's Warbler Hemitesia neumanni (Sylvioidea): the sole African member of a Palaeotropic Miocene radiation. Ibis, 153: 78–86.
    Irwin DE, Alström P, Olsson U, Benowitz-Fredericks ZM. 2001a. Cryptic species in the genus Phylloscopus (Old World leaf warblers). Ibis, 143: 233–247.
    Irwin DE, Bensch S, Irwin JH, Price TD. 2005. Speciation by distance in a ring species. Science, 307: 414–416.
    Irwin DE, Bensch S, Price TD. 2001b. Speciation in a ring. Nature, 409: 333–337.
    Irwin DE, Thimgan MP, Irwin JH. 2008. Call divergence is correlated with geographic and genetic distance in greenish warblers (Phylloscopus trochiloides): a strong role for stochasticity in signal evolution? J Evol Biol, 21: 435–448.
    Irwin DE. 2000. Song variation in an avian ring species. Evolution, 54: 998–1010.
    Johansson US, Fjeldså J, Lokugalappatti LGS, Bowie RCK. 2007a. A nuclear DNA phylogeny and proposed taxonomic revision of African greenbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae). Zool Scr, 36: 417–427.
    Johansson US, Alström P, Olsson U, Ericson PGP, Sundberg P, Price TD. 2007b. Build-up of the Himalayan avifauna through immigration: a biogeographical analysis of the Phylloscopus and Seicercus warblers. Evolution, 61: 324–333.
    Johansson US, Fjeldså J, Bowie RCK. 2008a. Phylogenetic relationships within Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes). Mol Phylogenet Evol, 48: 858–876.
    Johansson US, Bowie RCK, Hackett SJ, Schulenberg TS. 2008b. The phylogenetic affinities of Crossley's babbler (Mystacornis crossleyi): adding a new niche to the vanga radiation of Madagascar. Biol Lett, 4: 677–680.
    Jones AW, Kennedy RS. 2008. Evolution in a tropical archipelago: comparative phylogeography of Philippine fauna and flora reveals complex patterns of colonization and diversification. Biol J Linn Soc, 95: 620–639.
    Jønsson KA, Fjeldså J, Ericson PGP, Irestedt M. 2007. Systematic placement of an enigmatic Southeast Asian taxon Eupetes macrocerus and implications for the biogeography of a main songbird radiation, the Passerida. Biol Lett, 3: 323–326.
    Jønsson KA, Fjeldså J. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). Zool Scr, 35: 149–186.
    Keith S. 1997. Genus Hylia Cassin, Hylia prasina (Cassin), Green Hylia. In: Urban EK, Fry CH, Keith S (eds) The Birds of Africa, Vol. 5. Academic Press, London, pp 428–430.
    Kennerley P, Pearson D. 2010. Reed and Bush Warblers. Christopher Helm, London.
    King B, Dickinson EC. 1975. A Field Guide to the Birds of SouthEast Asia. Collins, London.
    King B, Robson C. 2008. The taxonomic status of the three subspecies of Greater Rufous-headed Parrotbill Paradoxornis ruficeps. Forktail, 24: 120–122.
    King B. 1989. The avian genera Tesia and Urosphena. Bull Br Ornithol Club, 109: 162–166.
    Kirchman JJ, Whittingham LA, Sheldon FH. 2000. Relationships among Cave Swallow Populations (Petrochelidon fulva) determined by comparisons of microsatellite and cytochrome b data. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 14: 107–121.
    Knox AG, Collinson M, Helbig AJ, Parkin DT, Sangster G. 2002. Taxonomic recommendations for British birds. Ibis, 144: 707–710.
    Koblik EA, Red'kin YA, Meer MS, Derelle R, Golenkina SA, Kondrashov FA, Arkhipov V. 2011. Acrocephalus orinus: A case of mistaken identity. PLoS ONE, 6(4): e17716.
    Lawson WJ. 1961. The races of the Karoo Lark, Certhilauda albescens (Lafresnaye). Ostrich, 32: 64–74.
    Leader PJ, Carey GJ, Olsson U, Baral HS, Alström P. 2010. The taxonomic status of Rufous-rumped Grassbird Graminicola bengalensis, with comments on its distribution and status. Forktail, 26: 121–126.
    LeCroy M, Barker FK. 2006. A new species of bush-warbler from Bougainville Island and a monophyletic origin for Southwest Pacific Cettia. Am Mus Novit, 3511: 1–20.
    Leisler B, Heidrich P, Schulze-Hagen K, Wink M. 1997. Taxonomy and phylogeny of reed warblers (genus Acrocephalus) based on mtDNA sequences and morphology. J Ornithol, 138: 469–496.
    Lewis PO, Holder MT, Holsinger KE. 2005. Polytomies and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Syst Biol, 54: 241–253.
    Li SH, Li JW, Han LX, Yao CT, Shi HT, Lei FM, Yen CW. 2006. Species delimitation in the Hwamei Garrulax canorus. Ibis, 148: 698–706.
    Li SH, Yeung CKL, Feinstein J, Han LX, Le MH, Wang CX, Ding P. 2009. Sailing through the Late Pleistocene: unusual historical demography of an East Asian endemic, the Chinese Hwamei (Leucodioptron canorum canorum), during the last glacial Period. Mol Ecol, 18: 622–633.
    Liu X, Ding Z, Fang W, Lin W, Cai M, Yan C. 2010. The Avifauna of Taiwan. Taiwan Forestry Bureau, Taipei. (in Chinese)
    Loskot VM. 2001. Taxonomic revision of the Hume's Whitethroat Sylvia althaea Hume, 1878. Avian Ecol Behav, 6: 41–42.
    Loskot VM. 2005. Morphological variation and taxonomic revision of five south-eastern subspecies of Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca (L. ) (Aves: Sylviidae). Zool Mededelingen Leiden, 79: 157–165.
    Luo X, Qu YH, Han LX, Li SH, Lei FM. 2009. A phylogenetic analysis of laughingthrushes (Timaliidae: Garrulax) and allies based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Zool Scr, 38: 9–22.
    Macdonald JD. 1952a. Notes on the Long-bill Lark Certhilauda curvirostris. Ibis, 94: 122–127.
    Macdonald JD. 1952b. Notes on the taxonomy of the clapper larks of South Africa. Ibis, 94: 629–635.
    Macdonald JD. 1953. Taxonomy of the Karoo and Red-back Larks of western South Africa. Bull Br Mus Nat Hist Zool, 1: 319–350.
    Mackworth-Praed CW, Grant CHB. 1941. A survey of the African species placed in the genus Bradypterus. Ibis, 83: 441–455.
    Maclean GL. 1969. South African Lark genera. Cimbebasia A, 1: 79–94.
    Marks BD. 2010. Are lowland rainforests really evolutionary museums? Phylogeography of the green hylia (Hylia prasina) in the Afrotropics. Mol Phylogen Evol, 55: 178–184.
    Martens J, Eck S, Päckert M, Sun Y-H. 1999. The Golden-spectacled Warbler Seicercus burkii – a species swarm (Aves: Passeriformes: Sylviidae), part 1. Zool Abhandl Mus Dresden, 50: 281–327.
    Martens J, Steil B. 1997. Reviergesänge und Speziesdifferenzierung in der Klappergrasmücken-Gruppe Sylvia[curruca]. J Ornithol, 138: 1–23.
    Martens J, Sun Y-H, Päckert M. 2008. Intraspecific differentiation of Sino-Himalayan bush-dwelling Phylloscopus leaf warblers, with description of two new taxa. Vert Zool, 58: 233–265.
    Martens J, Tietze DT, Eck S, Veith M. 2004. Radiation and species limits in the Asian Pallas's warbler complex (Phylloscopus proregulus s. l. ). J Ornithol, 145: 206–222.
    Martens J. 1988. Phylloscopus borealoides Portenko — ein verkannter Laubsänger der Ost-Paläarktis. J Ornithol, 129: 343–351.
    Martens J. 2010. A preliminary review of the leaf warbler genera Phylloscopus and Seicercus. Br Orn Club Occas Publs, 5: 41–116.
    Mayr E, Amadon D. 1951. A classification of recent birds. Amer Mus Novitat, 1496: 1–42.
    Mayr E, Bond J. 1943. Notes on the generic classification of the swallows Hirundinidae. Ibis, 85: 334–341.
    Mayr E, Greenway Jr JC. 1960. Check-list of Birds of the World, Vol. IX. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA.
    Mayr E. 1948. Geographic variation in the Reed-Warbler. Emu, 47: 205–210.
    Meinertzhagen R. 1951. A review of the Alaudidae. Proc Zool Soc Lond, 121: 81–132.
    Milá B, Warren BH, Heeb P, Thébaud C. 2010. The geographic scale of diversification on islands: genetic and morphological divergence at a very small spatial scale in the Mascarene grey white-eye (Aves: Zosterops borbonicus). BMC Evol Biol, 10: 158.
    Morioka H, Shigeta Y. 1993. Generic allocation of the Japanese Marsh Warbler Megalurus pryeri (Aves: Sylviidae). Bull Nat Sci Mus Tokyo A, 19: 37–43. (in Japanese)
    Morony JJ, Bock WJ, Farrand J. 1975. Reference List of the Birds of the World. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
    Moyle RG, Andersen MJ, Oliveros CH, Steinheimer F, Reddy S. 2012. Phylogeny and biogeography of the core babblers (Aves: Timaliidae). Syst Biol, 61: 631–651
    Moyle RG, Filardi CE, Smith CE, Diamond JM. 2009. Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a "great speciator". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106: 1863–1868.
    Moyle RG, Marks BD. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (Aves: Pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 40: 687–695.
    Moyle RG, Slikas B, Whittingham LA, Winkler DW, Sheldon FH. 2008. DNA sequence assessment of phylogenetic relationships among New World martins (Hirundinidae: Progne). Wilson J Ornithol, 120: 683–691.
    Nguembock B, Cruaud C, Denys C. 2012. A large evaluation of passerine cisticolids (Aves: Passeriformes): more about their phylogeny and diversification. Open Ornithol J, 5: 42–56.
    Nguembock B, Fjeldså J, Couloux A, Cruaud C, Pasquet E. 2008. Polyphyly of the genus Apalis and a new generic name for the species pulchra and ruwenzorii. Ibis, 150: 756–765.
    Nguembock B, Fjeldså J, Tillier A, Pasquet E. 2007. A phylogeny for the Cisticolidae (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data, and a re-interpretation of a unique nest-building specialization. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 42: 272–286.
    Oatley G, Bowie RCK, Crowe TM. 2011. The use of subspecies in the systematics of southern African white-eyes: historical entities or eco-geographic variants. J Zool, 284: 21–30.
    Oatley G, Voelker G, Crowe TM, Bowie RC. 2012. A multi-locus phylogeny reveals a complex pattern of diversification related to climate and habitat heterogeneity in southern African white-eyes. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 64: 633–644.
    Oliveros CH, Moyle RG. 2010. Origin and diversification of Philippine bulbuls. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 54: 822–832.
    Oliveros CH, Reddy S, Moyle RG. 2012. The phylogenetic position of some Philippine "babblers" spans the muscicapoid and sylvioid bird radiations. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 65: 799–804.
    Olsson U, Alström P, Colston PR. 1993. A new species of Phylloscopus warbler from Hainan Island, China. Ibis, 135: 2–7.
    Olsson U, Alström P, Ericson PGP, Sundberg P. 2005. Nonmonophyletic taxa and cryptic species – evidence from a molecular phylogeny of leaf-warblers (Phylloscopus, Aves). Mol Phylogenet Evol, 36: 261–276.
    Olsson U, Alström P, Gelang M, Ericson PGP, Sundberg P. 2006. Phylogeography of Indonesian and Sino-Himalayan region bush warblers (Cettia, Aves). Mol Phylogenet Evol, 41: 556–565.
    Olsson U, Alström P, Sundberg P. 2004. Non-monophyly of the avian genus Seicercus (Aves: Sylviidae) revealed by mitochondrial DNA. Zool Scr, 33: 501–510.
    Olsson U, Irestedt M, Sangster G, Ericson PGP, Alström P. 2013a. Systematic revision of the avian family Cisticolidae based on a multi-locus phylogeny of all genera. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 66: 790–799.
    Olsson U, Leader PJ, Carey GJ, Khan AA, Svensson L, Alström P. 2013b. New insights into the intricate taxonomy and phylogeny of the Sylvia curruca complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 67: 72–85.
    Ottosson U, Bensch S, Svensson L, Waldenström J. 2005. Differentiation and phylogeny of the olivaceous warbler Hippolais pallida species complex. J Ornithol, 146: 127–136.
    Päckert M, Blume C, Sun Y-H, Liang W, Martens J. 2009. Acoustic differentiation reflects mitochondrial lineages in Blyth's leaf warbler and white-tailed leaf warbler complexes (Aves: Phylloscopus reguloides, Phylloscopus davisoni). Biol J Linn Soc, 96: 584–600.
    Päckert M, Martens J, Liang W, Hsu Y-L, Sun Y-H. 2012. Molecular genetic and bioacoustic differentiation of Pnoepyga WrenBabblers. J Ornithol, 154: 329–337.
    Päckert M, Martens J, Sun Y-H, Veith M. 2004. The radiation of the Seicercus burkii complex and its congeners (Aves: Sylviidae): molecular genetics and bioacoustics. Org Div Evol, 4: 341–364.
    Päckert M, Martens J, Sun Y-H. 2010. Phylogeny of long-tailed tits and allies inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers (Aves: Passeriformes, Aegithalidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol, 55: 952–967.
    Parkin DT, Collinson M, Helbig AJ, Knox AG, Sangster G, Svensson L. 2004. Species limits in Acrocephalus and Hippolais warblers from the Western Palaearctic. Brit Birds, 97: 276–299.
    Pasquet E, Bourdon E, Kalyakin MV, Cibois A. 2006. The fulvettas (Alcippe, Timaliidae, Aves): a polyphyletic group. Zool Scr, 35: 559–566.
    Pasquet E, Han L-X, Khobket O, Cibois A. 2001. Towards a molecular systematics of the genus Criniger, and a preliminary phylogeny of the bulbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae). Zoosystema, 23: 857–863.
    Pätzold R. 2003. Kompendium der Lerchen Alaudidae. Jan Schimkat Medienpublizistik, Dresden.
    Pavlova A, Zink RM, Drovetski SV, Rohwer S. 2008. Pleistocene evolution of closely related sand martins Riparia riparia and R. diluta. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 48: 61–73.
    Pearson DJ, Backhurst GC. 1988. Characters and taxonomic position of Basra Reed Warbler. Brit Birds, 81: 171–178.
    Pearson DJ, Kennerley PR, Bensch S. 2008. A second museum specimen of large-billed reed warbler Acrocephalus orinus. Bull Br Ornithol Club, 128: 136–137.
    Penhallurick J. 2010. A correction to Penhallurick & Robson (2009). Forktail, 26: 147–148.
    Penhallurick J, Robson C. 2009. The generic taxonomy of parrotbills (Aves: Timaliidae). Forktail, 25: 137–141.
    Peters JL. 1960a. Family Alaudidae. In: Mayr E, Greenway JC (eds) Check-list of Birds of the World, Vol. IX. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass, pp 3–80.
    Peters JL. 1960b. Family Hirundinidae. In: Mayr E, Greenway JC (eds) Check-list of Birds of the World, Vol. IX. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass, pp 80–129.
    Pratt HD, Bruner PL, Berrett DG. 1987. The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
    Rand A L, Deignan HG. 1960. Family Pycnonotidae. In: Mayr E, Greenway JC (eds) Check-List of Birds of the World, Vol. IX. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, pp 221–300.
    Rappole JH, Renner SC, Nay Myo Shwe, Sweet PR. 2005. A new species of scimitar-babbler (Timaliidae: Jabouilleia) from the sub-Himalayan region of Myanmar. Auk, 122: 1064–1069.
    Rasmussen PC, Anderton JC. 2005. Birds of South Asia: the Ripley Guide, First Ed. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
    Rasmussen PC, Anderton JC. 2012. Birds of South Asia: the Ripley Guide, Second Ed. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
    Rasmussen PC, Round PD, Dickinson EC, Lambert FG. 2000. A new bush-warbler (Sylviidae, Bradypterus) from Taiwan. Auk, 117: 279–289.
    Rasmussen PC. 2012. Then and now: new developments in Indian systematic ornithology. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc, 109: 3–16.
    Reddy S, Cracraft J. 2007. Old World Shrike-babblers (Pteruthius) belong with the New World Vireos. Vireonidae. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 44: 1352–1357.
    Reddy S, Moyle RG. 2011. Systematics of the scimitar babblers (Pomatorhinus: Timaliidae): phylogeny, biogeography, and species-limits of four species complexes. Biol J Linn Soc, 102: 846–869.
    Reeves AB, Drovetski SV, Fadeev V. 2008. Mitochondrial DNA data imply a stepping-stone colonizaiton of Beringia by arctic warbler Phylloscopus borealis. J Avian Biol, 39: 567–575.
    Reichenow A. 1902–1903. Die Vögel Afrikas. Neudamm (J. Neumann).
    Rheindt FE. 2006. Splits galore: the revolution in Asian leaf warbler systematics. Bird Asia, 5: 25–39.
    Rheindt FE. 2010. New biogeographic records for the avifauna of Taliabu (Sula Islands, Indonesia), with preliminary documentation of two previously undiscovered taxa. Bull Br Ornithol Club, 130: 33–51.
    Richman AD, Price T. 1992. Evolution of ecological differences in the Old World Leaf Warblers. Nature, 355: 817–821.
    Roberts A. 1940. The Birds of South Africa. HF & G. Witherby, London.
    Rokas A, Carroll SB. 2006. Bushes in the tree of life. PLoS Biol, 4: e352.
    Round PD, Hansson B, Pearson DJ, Kennerley PR, Bensch S. 2007. Lost and found: the enigmatic large-billed reed warbler Acrocephalus orinus rediscovered after 139 years. J Avian Biol, 38: 133–138.
    Rozendaal F. 1987. Description of a new species of bush warbler of the genus Cettia Bonaparte, 1834 (Aves: Sylviidae) from Yamdena, Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia. Zool Mededel, 61: 177–202.
    Ryan PG, Bloomer P. 1997. Geographic variation in Red Lark Certhilauda burra plumage, morphology, song and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. Ostrich, 68: 31–36.
    Ryan PG, Bloomer P. 1999. The Long-billed Lark complex: a species mosaic in south-western Africa. Auk, 116: 194–208.
    Ryan PG, Dean WRJ, Madge SC, Pearson DJ. 2006. Family Cisticolidae. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Christie DA (eds). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol 11. Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp 378–491
    Ryan PG, Hood I, Bloomer P, Komen J, Crowe TM. 1998. Barlow's Lark: a new species in the Karoo Lark Certhilauda albescens complex of southwest Africa. Ibis, 140: 605–619.
    Saitoh T, Alström P, Nishiumi I, Shigeta Y, Williams D, Olsson U, Ueda K. 2010. Old divergences in a boreal bird supports longterm survival through the Ice Ages. BMC Evol Biol, 10: 35.
    Saitoh T, Nishiumi I, Alström P, Olsson U, Ueda K. 2006. Deep phylogeographical divergences among far eastern populations of the widespread Arctic Warbler. J Ornithol, 147: 242.
    Saitoh T, Shigeta Y, Ueda K. 2008. Morphological differences among populations of the Arctic Warbler with some intraspecific taxonomic notes. Ornithol Sci, 7: 135–142.
    Salomon M, Bried J, Helbig AJ, Riofrio J. 1997. Morphometric differentiation between male Common Chiffchaffs, Phylloscopus (c. ) collybita Vieillot, 1817, and Iberian Chiffchaffs, P. (c. ) brehmii Homeyer, 1871, in a secondary contact zone (Aves). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 236: 25–36.
    Salomon M, Voisin JF, Bried J. 2003. On the taxonomic status and denomination of the Iberian Chiffchaffs. Ibis, 145: 87–97.
    Salomonsen F. 1929. Bemerkungen über die Gruppe Acrocephalus arundinaceus L. J Ornithol, 77: 267–281.
    Schönwetter M. 1979. Handbuch der Oologie. Band Ⅱ. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin.
    Sclater WL. 1930. Systema Avium Aethiopicarum. British Ornithologists' Union, London
    Sefc KM, Payne RB, Sorenson MD. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of African sunbird-like warblers: Moho (Hypergerus atriceps), Green Hylia (Hylia prasina) and Tit-hylia (Pholidornis rushiae). Ostrich, 74: 8–17.
    Sheldon FH, Gill FB. 1996. A reconsideration of songbird phylogeny, with emphasis on the evolution of titmice and their sylvioid relatives. Syst Biol, 45: 473–495.
    Sheldon FH, Oliveros CH, Taylor SS, McKay B, Lim HC, Rahman MA, Mays H, Moyle RG. 2012. Molecular phylogeny and insular biogeography of the lowland tailorbirds of Southeast Asia (Cisticolidae: Orthotomus). Mol Phylogenet Evol, 65: 54–63.
    Sheldon FH, Whittingham LA, Moyle RG, Slikas B, Winkler DW. 2005. Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 35: 254–270.
    Sheldon FH, Winkler DW. 1993. Intergeneric phylogenetic relationships estimated by DNA-DNA hybridization. Auk, 110: 798–824.
    Shirihai H, Gargallo G, Helbig AJ. 2001. Sylvia warblers. Identification, taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Sylvia. Christopher Helm, London.
    Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE. 1990. Phylogeny and ClassiWcation of Birds. A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
    Sibley CG, Monroe Jr BL. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven.
    Sibley CG, Monroe Jr BL. 1993. A Supplement to Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven.
    Silva-Iturriza A, Ketmaier V, Tiedemann R. 2010. Mitochondrial DNA suggests multiple colonizations of central Philippine islands (Boracay, Negros) by the sedentary Philippine bulbul Hypsipetes philippinus guimarasensis (Aves). J Zool Syst Evol Res, 48: 269–278.
    Song G, Qu Y, Yin Z, Li S, Liu N, Lei F. 2009. Phylogeography of the Alcippe morrisonia (Aves: Timaliidae): long population history beyond late Pleistocene glaciations. BMC Evol Biol, 9: 143.
    Spellman GM, Cibois A, Moyle RG, Winker K, Barker FK. 2008. Clarifying the systematics of an enigmatic avian lineage: What is a Bombycillid? Mol Phylogenet Evol, 49: 1036–1040.
    Spicer GS, Dunipace L. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of songbirds (Passeriformes) inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 30: 325–335.
    Stepanyan LS. 1990. Konspekt ornitologicheskoy fauny SSSR. Nauka, Moscow.
    Stresemann E, Arnold J. 1949. Speciation in the group of Great Reed-Warblers. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc, 48: 428–443.
    Svensson L, Prys-Jones R, Rasmussen PC, Olsson U. 2008. Discovery of ten new specimens of large billed reed warbler Acrocephalus orinus, and new insights into its distributional range. J Avian Biol, 39: 605–610.
    Svensson L, Prys-Jones R, Rasmussen PC, Olsson U. 2010. The identification and distribution of the enigmatic Large-billed Reed Warbler Acrocephalus orinus. Ibis, 152: 323–334.
    Svensson L. 2001. Identification of western and eastern olivaceous, booted and Sykes's warblers. Bird World, 14: 192–219.
    Tieleman BI, Williams JB, Bloomer P. 2003. Adaptation of metabolism and evaporative water loss along an aridity gradient. Proc Roy Soc Lond B, 270: 207–214.
    Timmins RJ, Ostrowski S, Mostafawi N, Noori H, Rajabi AM, Svensson L, Olsson U, Poole CM. 2010. New information on the Large-billed Reed Warbler Acrocephalus orinus, including its song and breeding habitat in north-eastern Afghanistan. Forktail, 26: 9–23.
    Trainor CR, Verbelen F, Hoste S. 2012. Rediscovery of the Timor Bush-warbler Locustella (Bradypterus) timorensis on Alor and Timor, Wallacea: clarifying taxonomic affinities, defining habitat and survey recommendations. Bird Conserv Int, 22: 354–369.
    Treplin S, Siegert R, Bleidorn C, Shokellu Thompson H, Fotso R, Tiedemann R. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of songbirds (Aves: Passeriformes) and the relative utility of common nuclear marker loci. Cladistics, 24: 328–349.
    Turner A. 2004. Family Hirundinidae (swallows and martins). In: Del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Christie D (eds) The Birds of the World, Vol. 9, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain, pp 602–685
    Vaurie C. 1951. A study of Asiatic larks. Notes from the Walter Koelz collections number 11. Bull AMNH, 97: 435–526.
    Vaurie C. 1954. Systematic Notes on Palearctic birds. No. 7. Alaudidae and Motacillidae (genus Anthus). Amer Mus Novit, 1672: 1–13.
    Vaurie C. 1959. The Birds of the Palearctic Fauna. Passeriformes. Witherby, London.
    Verbelen F, Trainor CR. 2012. Rediscovery of the Timor Bush Warbler Locustella (Bradypterus) timorensis on Alor and Timor, Wallacea, Indonesia. Bird Asia, 17: 47–48.
    Verheyen R. 1958. Contribution a l'anatomie de base et la systematique des Alaudidae (Passeriformes). Alauda, 26: 1–25.
    Voelker G, Light JE. 2011. Palaeoclimatic events, dispersal and migratory losses along the Afro-European axis as drivers of biogeographic distribution in Sylvia warblers. BMC Evol Biol, 11: 163.
    Voelker G, Melo M, Bowie RCK. 2009. A Gulf of Guinea island endemic is a member of a Mediterranean-centered bird genus. Ibis, 151: 580–583.
    Voelker G, Spellman GM. 2003. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 30: 386–394.
    Voous KH. 1977. List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species, Second Ed. British Ornithologists' Union, London.
    Warren BH, Bermingham E, Prys-Jones RP, Thebaud C. 2005. Tracking island colonization history and phenotypic shifts in Indian Ocean bulbuls (Hypsipetes: Pycnonotidae). Biol J Linn Soc, 85: 271–287.
    Warren BH, Bermingham E, Prys-Jones RP, Thébaud C. 2006. Immigration, species radiation and extinction in a highly diverse songbird lineage: white-eyes on Indian Ocean islands. Mol Ecol, 15: 3769–3786.
    Watson GE, Traylor MA, Jr Mayr E. 1986. In: Mayr E, Cottrell GW (eds) Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 11. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
    Whittingham LA, Slikas B, Winkler DW, Sheldon FH. 2002. Phylogeny of the tree swallow genus, Tachycineta (Aves: Hirundinidae), by Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 22: 430–441.
    Williamson K. 1968. Identification for Ringers. The genera Cettia, Locustella, Acrocephalus and Hippolais, Third Ed. British Trust for Ornithology, Tring.
    Winkler DW, Sheldon FH. 1993. The evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae): a molecular phylogenetic perspective. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90: 5705–5707.
    Winterbottom JM. 1957. The problem of status of the Dusky Bush Lark Mirafra nigricans. Ostrich, 28: 240–241.
    Wolters HE. 1979. Die Vogelarten der Erde. Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin.
    Wolters HE. 1982. Die Vogelarten der Erde. 7. Lieferung Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin.
    Yeung CKL, Lei F, Yang X, Han L, Lin M, Li SH. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of parrotbills. Paper presented at the 24th International Ornithological Congress of 2006, Hamburg, Germany. Abstract J Orn, 147(Suppl. 1): 87–88.
    Yeung CKL, Lin R-C, Lei F, Robson C, Hung LM, Liang W, Zhou F, Han L, Li S-H, Yang X. 2011. Beyond a morphological paradox: complicated phylogenetic relationships of the parrotbills (Paradoxornithidae, Aves). Mol Phylogenet Evol, 61: 192–202.
    Zahavi A. 1957. The breeding birds of the Huleh swamp and lake (northern Israel). Ibis, 99: 606.
    Zhang S, Yang L, Yang X, Yang J. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of the yuhinas (Sylviidae: Yuhina): a paraphyletic group of babblers including Zosterops and Philippine Stachyris. J Ornithol, 148: 417–426
    Zhou F, Jiang AW. 2008. A new species of babbler (Timaliidae: Stachyris) from the Sino-Vietnamese border region of China. Auk, 125: 420–424.
    Zink RM, Pavlova A, Drovetski S, Rohwer S. 2008. Mitochondrial phylogeographies of five widespread Eurasian bird species. J Ornithol, 149: 399–413.
    Zink RM, Pavlova A, Rohwer S, Drovetski SV. 2006. Barn swallows before barns: population histories and intercontinental colonization. Proc R Soc London B, 273: 1245–1252.
    Zou F, Lim HC, Marks BD, Moyle RG, Sheldon FH. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta (Alcippe morrisonia) of China and Indochina: A case of remarkable genetic divergence in a "species". Mol Phylogenet Evol, 44: 165–174.
    Zuccon D, Ericson PGP. 2010. The phylogenetic position of the Black-collared Bulbul Neolestes torquatus. Ibis, 152(2): 386–392.
    • Related Articles

  • Related Articles

    Meng Yue Wu, Frank E. Rheindt. 2023: Continent-wide vocal leapfrog pattern in Collared Scops Owls obfuscates species boundaries. Avian Research, 14(1): 100141. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100141
    Leo Joseph, Julian Teh, Paul Sweet, Phil Gregory. 2023: The Black-winged Monarch (Monarcha frater): Geographic variation, taxonomy, a "new" population, and an enduring mystery in migration. Avian Research, 14(1): 100122. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100122
    Per Alström, Zeinolabedin Mohammadi, Erik D. Enbody, Martin Irestedt, Derek Engelbrecht, Pierre-André Crochet, Alban Guillaumet, Loïs Rancilhac, B. Irene Tieleman, Urban Olsson, Paul F. Donald, Martin Stervander. 2023: Systematics of the avian family Alaudidae using multilocus and genomic data. Avian Research, 14(1): 100095. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100095
    Nyanasengeran Movin, Tatjana Gamova, Sergei G. Surmach, Jonathan C. Slaght, A.A. Kisleiko, James A. Eaton, Frank E. Rheindt. 2022: Using bioacoustic tools to clarify species delimitation within the Blakiston's Fish Owl (Bubo blakistoni) complex. Avian Research, 13(1): 100021. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100021
    George Sangster, Kim Manzon Cancino, Robert O. Hutchinson. 2021: Taxonomic revision of the Savanna Nightjar (Caprimulgus affinis) complex based on vocalizations reveals three species. Avian Research, 12(1): 54. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-021-00288-z
    Chyi Yin Gwee, James A. Eaton, Elize Y. X. Ng, Frank E. Rheindt. 2019: Species delimitation within the Glaucidium brodiei owlet complex using bioacoustic tools. Avian Research, 10(1): 36. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-019-0175-4
    Fuchs Jérôme, Zuccon Dario. 2018: On the genetic distinctiveness of tailorbirds (Cisticolidae: Orthotomus) from the South-east Asian mainland with the description of a new subspecies. Avian Research, 9(1): 31. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-018-0123-8
    Jason T. Weir. 2018: Description of the song of the Nilgiri Thrush (Zoothera[aurea]neilgherriensis) and song differentiation across the Zoothera dauma species complex. Avian Research, 9(1): 28. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-018-0121-x
    Magnus S. Robb, George Sangster, Mansour Aliabadian, den Berg Arnoud B. van, Mark Constantine, Martin Irestedt, Ali Khani, Seyed Babak Musavi, João M. G. Nunes, Willson Maïa Sarrouf, Alyn J. Walsh. 2016: The rediscovery of Strix butleri (Hume, 1878) in Oman and Iran, with molecular resolution of the identity of Strix omanensis Robb, van den Berg and Constantine, 2013. Avian Research, 7(1): 7. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-016-0043-4
    Urban OLSSON, Per ALSTRÖM. 2013: Molecular evidence suggests that the enigmatic Sulawesi endemic Geomalia heinrichi belongs in the genus Zoothera (Turdidae, Aves). Avian Research, 4(2): 155-160. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2013.0015

Catalog

    Figures(7)

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article has an altmetric score of 8
    Article has an altmetric score of 8
    Article views (5821) PDF downloads (3391) Cited by()
    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd.   Technical support: info@rhhz.net

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return