Figure
1.
The Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)(Photo by Hong Guo)
| Citation: |
Tong ZHANG, Ming MA, Peng DING, Feng XU, Paul J. BUZZARD. 2012: Status and behavior of the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) in the Altun Mountain Reserve, Xinjiang. Avian Research, 3(3): 199-205. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2012.0021
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The Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) is an endemic species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, with its population in Xinjiang largely found in the Kunlun and Altun mountain regions. A survey of the distribution, population dynamics, flock size and behavior was conducted in Altun Mountain National Natural Reserve from September to November 2011. We investigated the size and distribution of its population in this area with a sample spot survey and by direct counting. We found Black-necked Cranes on the wetlands of Wuzunxiaoer, Yusup Aleksei, Yaziquan, Qimantag, Tula Ranch and elsewhere, where we recorded 126 individual birds of the species in Yixiekepati (37° 15'-37°23'N, 90°11'-90°20'E, elevation 3903 m), the largest population we have observed in this area. In the reserve, the population consists of about 180-200 birds. Combined with previous records, we conclude that more than 260 Black-necked Cranes live in Xinjiang. Cranes gathered conspicuously in the middle of October where the highest number of birds appeared on 29 October. All of the cranes had migrated out of this area by 6 November. Time budgets and diurnal behavior rhythms of Blacknecked Cranes were observed in the Yixiekepati wetland at daylight (from 06:00 to 18:00). Foraging was the most prevalent type of behavior during the autumn period, accounting for 58.9% of the diurnal time budget, followed by preening (13.2%), vigilance (9.5%), walking (8.2%), flying (3.5%), resting (3.4%), chirping (2.7%) and other types of behavior (0.6%).
In 2 April 2012 a birdwatcher, Mr. Hong Guo, found a strange white bird near a garbage dump in Wuqia County, (39°55′N, 75°15′E), at an elevation of 2100 m. This location is approximately 80 km west of Kaxgar. After experts checked the photographs, it was identified as an adult Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus), also known as the White Vulture (Fig. 1). This is the first time a Chinese bird-watcher photographed this vulture.
The point of record, Wuqia County, is about 110–130 km distance from the border of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The Egyptian Vulture is found in southwestern Europe, northern Africa, south and west Asia, as well as some countries neighboring China, i.e., India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. This bird likes to live in groups and use old nests. This species is genetically relatively close to the Bearded Vulture or Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus).
The Egyptian Vulture is a medium to large bird (length 56–64 cm); its entire body is white but its flight feathers are black, it has a small head with a narrow and long bill and a wedge-shaped tail (Fig. 2). They sometimes crack eggs by using a stone, a rare example in the case raptors of knowing how to use tools.
Actually, this was not the first record in Xinjiang. About eleven years ago in the Ili River Region (43°37′N, 82°25′E), Jesper Hornskov reported a bird watching record of this species (Hornskov, unpublished; Ma, 2001). However, it was reported as an observation but no photograph is available of the event and therefore no proof of its occurrence at the time. Apparently, this is then the first record for China for this bird (not listed by Cheng, 1987, 2000; Ma, 1995; Yan et al., 1995; MacKinnon et al., 2000; Zheng, 2011), although de Schauensee (1984) noted that "[the species] possibly occurs in W Sinkiang in the Tien Shan region." Flint et al. (1984) listed the species in Kazakhstan and mapped it as occurring right up to the Xinjiang border at about 45°N. Mr. Hong Guo took about 40 clear photos of the event, providing strong evidence of a new record for Chinese birds. It is initially identified as the subspecies Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (Fig. 2).
The program is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30970340, 31272291).
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