Volume 13 Issue 1
Mar.  2022
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Article Navigation >  Avian Research  > 2022  >  13: 100015.
Anna Reuleaux, Benny A. Siregar, Nigel J. Collar, Ani Mardiastuti, Stuart J. Marsden. 2022: Productivity constraints on Citron-crested Cockatoos in a rich community of large hole-nesting birds. Avian Research, 13(1): 100015. doi: 10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100015
Citation: Anna Reuleaux, Benny A. Siregar, Nigel J. Collar, Ani Mardiastuti, Stuart J. Marsden. 2022: Productivity constraints on Citron-crested Cockatoos in a rich community of large hole-nesting birds. Avian Research, 13(1): 100015. doi: 10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100015
shu

Productivity constraints on Citron-crested Cockatoos in a rich community of large hole-nesting birds

doi: 10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100015
  • a.

    Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

  • b.

    Burung Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia

  • c.

    BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

  • d.

    Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia

More Information
    Abstract
  • Knowledge of breeding success and its limiting factors is crucial in assessing species’ conservation needs. As cavity-nesters, parrots are particularly influenced by the availability of suitable cavities and low breeding output, whether due to natural processes or trapping. On the island of Sumba, Indonesia, the Critically Endangered Citron-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua citrinocristata) has the added problem of co-existing with an unusually rich hole-nesting bird community in a forested environment much constrained by habitat loss. We monitored 95 nesting cavities of cockatoos and their competitors and potential nest-predators, over one to four breeding seasons, using a combination of camera-traps, direct checks on nest contents, and observations from the ground. Competition for suitable cavities was intense among three large parrot species, two owls and a hornbill. Visitation rates by potential competitors were higher at unoccupied cavities than at those containing active nests, reflecting the guarding behaviour of the occupants. The Endangered Sumba Hornbill (Rhyticeros everetti) dominated observed direct confrontations and was the most frequent visitor to active parrot nests, suggesting a further role as a potential nest-predator. Cockatoos prospected many cavities but rarely then attempted to nest: instead the sites were usually occupied by other cavity-nesters, or by bees. At the few cavities where cockatoos did breed, predation pressure was likely low, and observed success rate high (10 successful of 15 nests), although the low number of nests found early in the breeding cycle suggests that some may have failed before detection. Intense competition for cavities suggests a shortage of suitable nest-sites, the need for preservation of old hole-bearing trees and a role for nestboxes. Accessible, known, safe artificial nest-sites would also provide opportunities to assess the scale of nest-site shortage, allow camera placements to study productivity, exclude some competitors and predators, and prevent illegal trapping. Especially given continued trapping pressure, the species would benefit from targeted local awareness-raising and law enforcement, with the whole endeavour backed up by longer-term forest restoration.

     

    • FullText(HTML)
  • loading
    • References(103)
  • Agista, D., Rubyanto, D., 2001. Telaah awal status, penyebaran, dan populasi kakatua kecil jambul kuning, Cacatua sulphurea parvula: di Taman Nasional Komodo, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Birdlife International Indonesia Programme, Bogor, Indonesia.
    Altamirano, T.A., Ibarra, J.T., Martin, K., Bonacic, C., 2017. The conservation value of tree decay processes as a key driver structuring tree cavity nest webs in South American temperate rainforests. Biodivers. Conserv. 26, 2453-2472 doi: 10.1007/s10531-017-1369-x
    Arendt, W.J., 2000. Impact of nest predators, competitors, and ectoparasites on Pearly-eyed Thrashers, with comments on the potential implications for Puerto Rican Parrot recovery. Ornitol. Neotrop. 11, 13-63
    Badan Pusat Statistik, 2016. Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia. https://www.bps.go.id. (Accessed 17 October 2017).
    Badan Pusat Statistik, 2021. Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia. https://www.bps.go.id. (Accessed 20 December 2021).
    van Balen, J.H., Booy, C.J.H., van Franeker, J.A., Osieck, E.R., 1982. Studies on hole-nesting birds in natural nest sites. Ardea 70, 1-24
    Bates, D., Machler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S., 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1-48
    BirdLife International, 2021. Datazone. http://datazone.birdlife.org/. (Accessed 11 March 2021).
    Bonaparte, E.B., Cockle, K.L., 2017. Nest niche overlap among the endangered Vinaceous-breasted Parrot (Amazona vinacea) and sympatric cavity-using birds, mammals, and social insects in the subtropical Atlantic Forest, Argentina. Condor 119, 58-72 doi: 10.1650/CONDOR-16-94.1
    Brightsmith, D., Bravo, A., 2006. Ecology and management of nesting Blue-and-Yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna) in Mauritia Palm Swamps. Biodivers. Conserv. 15, 4271-4287 doi: 10.1007/s10531-005-3579-x
    Brightsmith, D.J., 2005. Competition, predation and nest niche shifts among tropical cavity nesters: phylogeny and natural history evolution of parrots (Psittaciformes) and trogons (Trogoniformes). J. Avian Biol. 36, 64-73 doi: 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03310.x
    Britt, C.R., Garcia Anleu, R., Desmond, M.J., 2014. Nest survival of a long-lived psittacid: Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao cyanoptera) in the Maya Biosphere Reserve of Guatemala and Chiquibul Forest of Belize. Condor 116, 265-276 doi: 10.1650/CONDOR-12-141-R1.1
    Cahill, A.J., Walker, J.S.J.S., Marsden, S.J., 2006. Recovery within a population of the Critically Endangered citron-crested cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata in Indonesia after 10 years of international trade control. Oryx 40, 161-167 doi: 10.1017/S0030605306000366
    Chen, J.-N., Liu, N.-F., Yan, C., An, B., 2011. Plasticity in nest site selection of Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros): a response to human disturbance. J Ornithol. 152, 603-608 doi: 10.1007/s10336-010-0622-9
    Clout, M.N., Merton, D.V., 1998. Saving the kakapo: the conservation of the world’s most peculiar parrot. Bird. Conserv. Int. 8, 281-296 doi: 10.1017/S0959270900001933
    Cockle, K.L., Martin, K., Drever, M.C., 2010. Supply of tree-holes limits nest density of cavity-nesting birds in primary and logged subtropical Atlantic forest. Biol. Conserv. 143, 2851-2857 doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.08.002
    Collar, N.J., Eaton, J.A., Sykes, B., 2017. Conservation and the redaction of locality data. BirdingASIA 28, 3-4
    Collar, N.J, Marsden, S.J., 2014. The subspecies of Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea. Forktail 23, 7
    Collias, N.E., 1964. The evolution of nests and nest-building in birds. Am. Zool. 4, 175-190 doi: 10.1093/icb/4.2.175
    Danchin, E., Wagner, R.H., 1997. The evolution of coloniality: the emergence of new perspectives. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12, 342-347 doi: 10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01124-5
    Delany, M.E., Tell, L.A., Millam, J.R., Preisler, D.M., 1999. Photographic candling analysis of the embryonic development of orange-winged amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). J. Avian Med. Surg. 13, 116-123
    Djawarai, Y., Bashari, H., Siregar, B., Widyanto, A., 2014. The breeding ecology of Sumba Cockatoo Cacatua Sulphurea Citrinocristata in Manupeu Tanadaru National Park and surrounding, Sumba. Burung Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia.
    Eaton, J.A., van Balen, S.B., Brickle, N.W., Rheindt, F.E., 2016. Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago Greater Sundas and Wallacea. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona.
    Eggers, S., Griesser, M., Nystrand, M., Ekman, J., 2005. Predation risk induces changes in nest-site selection and clutch size in the Siberian jay. Proc. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci. 273, 701-706
    Gonzalez, J.A., 2003. Harvesting, local trade, and conservation of parrots in the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Biol. Conserv. 114, 437-446 doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00071-5
    Gutzat. F., Dormann, C.F., 2018. Decaying trees improve nesting opportunities for cavity-nesting birds in temperate and boreal forests: A meta-analysis and implications for retention forestry. Ecol. Evol. 8, 8616-8626 doi: 10.1002/ece3.4245
    Harper, G.A., Bunbury, N., 2015. Invasive rats on tropical islands: Their population biology and impacts on native species. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 3, 607-627 doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.02.010
    Heinsohn, R., Legge, S., 2003. Breeding biology of the reverse-dichromatic, co-operative parrot Eclectus roratus. J. Zool. 259, 197-208 doi: 10.1017/S0952836902003138
    Heinsohn, R., Murphy, S., Legge, S., 2003. Overlap and competition for nest holes among eclectus parrots, palm cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos. Aust. J. Zool. 51, 81-94 doi: 10.1071/ZO02003
    Heinsohn, R., Zeriga, T., Murphy, S., Igag, P., Legge, S., Mack, A.L., 2009. Do Palm Cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus) have long enough lifespans to support their low reproductive success? Emu 109, 183-191 doi: 10.1071/MU08053
    Heinsohn, T.E., 2001. Human influences on vertebrate zoogeography: animal translocation and biological invasions across and to the east of Wallace’s Line. In: Metcalfe, I., Smith, J.M.B., Morwood, M., Davidson, I. (Eds.), Faunal and Floral Migrations and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia. CRC Press, Boca Raton, US, pp. 153–170.
    Heinsohn, T.E., 2003. Animal translocation: long-term human influences on the vertebrate zoogeography of Australasia (natural dispersal versus ethnophoresy). Zoologist 32, 351-376 doi: 10.7882/AZ.2002.014
    Hidayat, O., 2012. Lubang masa depan. Biodivers. Indon. 2, 110-118
    Hidayat, O., Kayat, K., 2020. Pendekatan preferensi habitat dalam penyusunan strategi konservasi in situ Kakatua Sumba (Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata, Fraser 1844). J. Penelit. Hutan dan Konserv. Alam.;17, 113-126 doi: 10.20886/jphka.2020.17.2.113-126
    van der Hoek, Y., Gaona, G.V., Martin, K., 2017. The diversity, distribution and conservation status of the tree-cavity-nesting birds of the world. Divers. Distrib. 23,1120-1131 doi: 10.1111/ddi.12601
    Howald, G., Donlan, C.J., Galvan, J.P., Russell, J.C., Parkes, J., Samaniego, A., et al., 2007. Invasive rodent eradication on islands. Conserv. Biol. 21, 1258-1268 doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00755.x
    Igag, P., Mack, A.L., Legge, S., Heinsohn, R., 2019. Breeding biology of three large, sympatric rainforest parrots in New Guinea: Palm Cockatoo, Pesquet’s Parrot and Eclectus Parrot. Emu 119, 196-204 doi: 10.1080/01584197.2019.1616211
    Ihsannudin, I., Hidayat, K., Sukesi, K., Yuliati, Y., 2020. Perception of the local community toward the yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea abbotti), a critically endangered species in Masakambing Island, Indonesia. Geografia 16, 1-14
    Imansyah, M.J., Purwandana, D., Ariefiandy, A., Benu, Y.J., Jessop, T.S., Trainor, C.R., 2016. Valley-floor censuses of the Critically Endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea occidentalis on Komodo Island, East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia, point to a steep population decline over a six-year period. Forktail 32, 66-72
    Indraswari, K., Friedman, R.S., Noske, R., Shepherd, C.R., Biggs, D., Susilawati C., et al., 2020. It’s in the news: Characterising Indonesia’s wild bird trade network from media-reported seizure incidents. Biol. Conserv. 243, 108431 doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108431
    Jones, C.G., 1980. Parrot on the Way to Extinction. Oryx 15, 350-354 doi: 10.1017/S0030605300028829
    Jones, C.G., 1987. The larger native landbirds of Mauritius. In: Diamon, A.W. (Ed.), Studies of Mascarene Island Birds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 271–300.
    Jones, C.G., Malham, J., Reuleaux, A., Richards, H.A., Raisin, C., Tollington, S., et al., 2013. Echo parakeet Psittacula eques perruche de Maurice. In: Safford, R., Hawkins, F. (Eds.), The Birds of Africa. Vol. VIII. Birds of the Malagasy Region. A&C Black, Madagascar, pp. 433–438.
    Jones, M.J., Linsley, M.D., Marsden, S.J., 1995. Population sizes, status and habitat associations of the restricted-range bird species of Sumba, Indonesia. Bird Conserv. Int. 5, 21-52 doi: 10.1017/S0959270900002938
    Kaisin, O., Gazagne, E., Savini, T., Huynen, M.-C., Brotcorne, F., 2018. Foraging strategies underlying bird egg predation by macaques: A study using artificial nests. Am. J. Primatol. 80, e22916 doi: 10.1002/ajp.22916
    Karande, A.A., 1967. Timber, Tetrameles nudiflora R., resistant to teredid borers in Bombay Harbour. Nature 213, 105 doi: 10.1038/213105a0
    Koenig, S.E., Wunderle, J.M., Enkerlin-Hoeflich, E.C., 2007. Vines and canopy contact: A route for snake predation on parrot nests. Bird Conserv. Int. 17, 79-91 doi: 10.1017/S095927090600061X
    Lack, D., 1968. Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds. Methuen & Co Ltd, London, UK.
    Linhart, P., Fuchs, R., Polakova, S., Slabbekoorn, H., 2012. Once bitten twice shy: long-term behavioural changes caused by trapping experience in willow warblers Phylloscopus trochilus. J. Avian Biol. 43, 186-192 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2012.05580.x
    Loong, S., Sin, Y.C.K., Johns, P., Plowden, T., Yong, D.L., Lee, J., et al., 2021. Nest predation by Oriental Pied Hornbills Anthracoceros albirostris in urban Singapore. BirdingASIA 35, 86-91
    Marini, M.A., Melo, C., 1998. Predators of quail eggs, and the evidence of the remains: Implications for nest predation studies. Condor 100, 395-399 doi: 10.2307/1370284
    Marsden, S.J., 1995. The Ecology and Conservation of the Parrots of Sumba, Buru and Seram, Indonesia. Ph.D thesis. Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
    Marsden, S.J., Jones, M.J., 1997. The nesting requirements of the parrots and hornbill of Sumba, Indonesia. Biol. Conserv. 82, 279-287 doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00038-4
    Martin, R.O., Perrin, M.R., Boyes, R.S., Abebe, Y.D., Annorbah, N.D., Asamoah, A., et al., 2014. Research and conservation of the larger parrots of Africa and Madagascar: a review of knowledge gaps and opportunities. Ostrich 85, 205-233 doi: 10.2989/00306525.2014.948943
    Masello, J.F., Pagnossin, M.L., Sommer, C., Quillfeldt, P., 2006. Population size, provisioning frequency, flock size and foraging range at the largest known colony of Psittaciformes: The Burrowing Parrots of the north-eastern Patagonian coastal cliffs. Emu 106, 69-79 doi: 10.1071/MU04047
    Masello, J.F., Quillfeldt, P., 2002. Chick growth and breeding success of the Burrowing Parrot. Condor 104, 574-586 doi: 10.1093/condor/104.3.574
    Matuzak, G.D., Brightsmith, D.J., 2007. Roosting of Yellow-naped Parrots in Costa Rica: estimating the size and recruitment of threatened populations. J. Field Ornithol. 78, 159-169 doi: 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2007.00099.x
    Monk, K., De Fretes, Y., Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G., 1997. Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    Monterrubio, T., Enkerlin-Hoeflich, E., Hamilton, R.B., 2002. Productivity and nesting success of Thick-billed Parrots. Condor 104, 788-794 doi: 10.1093/condor/104.4.788
    Moorhouse, R., Greene, T., Dilks, P., Powlesland, R., Moran, L., Taylor, G., et al., 2003. Control of introduced mammalian predators improves kaka Nestor meridionalis breeding success: reversing the decline of a threatened New Zealand parrot. Biol. Conserv. 110, 33-44 doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00173-8
    Murphy, S., Legge, S., Heinsohn, R., 2003. The breeding biology of palm cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus): A case of a slow life history. J. Zool. 261, 327-339 doi: 10.1017/S0952836903004175
    Nandika, D., Agustina, D., 2012. Few and far between. Saving the Yellow-crested Cockatoos. PsittaScene 24, 130-134
    Nandika, D., Mulyani, Y.A., Prawiradilaga, D.M., Agustina, D., 2020. Monitoring of Cacatua sulphurea abbotti in Masakambing Island, Indonesia. Biotropia Southeast Asian J. Trop. Biol. 27, 271-281
    Newton, I., 1994. The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds: A review. Biol. Conserv. 70, 265-276 doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(94)90172-4
    Nilsson, S.G., 1986. Evolution of hole-nesting in birds: on balancing selection pressures. Auk 103, 432-435
    Olah, G., Butchart, S.H.M., Symes, A., Guzman, I.M., Cunningham, R., Brightsmith, D.J., et al., 2016. Ecological and socio-economic factors affecting extinction risk in parrots. Biodivers. Conserv. 25, 205-223 doi: 10.1007/s10531-015-1036-z
    Persulessy, Y.E., Djawarai, Y.B., Marut, R., 2003. Survei populasi dan distribusi kakatuakecil jambul-kuning Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata dan empat jenis paruh bengkok lain di Pulau Sumba. BirdLife Indonesia/ZGAP, Bogor, Indonesia.
    PHPA, L.I.P.I., BirdLife International-IP, 1998. Species Recovery Plan Yellow-Crested Cockatoo. PHPA/LIPI/BirdLife International-Indonesia Programme, Bogor, Indonesia.
    Pierce, A.J., Pobprasert, K., 2013. Nest predators of southeast Asian evergreen forest birds identified through continuous video recording. Ibis 155, 419-423 doi: 10.1111/ibi.12033
    Pires, S.F., 2012. The illegal parrot trade: a literature review. Glob. Crime. 13, 176-190 doi: 10.1080/17440572.2012.700180
    Pires, S.F., Olah, G., Nandika, D., Agustina, D., Heinsohn, R., 2021. What drives the illegal parrot trade? Applying a criminological model to market and seizure data in Indonesia. Biol. Conserv. 257, 109098 doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109098
    R Core Team, 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
    Renton, K., 2004. Agonistic interactions of nesting and nonbreeding macaws. Condor 106, 354-362 doi: 10.1093/condor/106.2.354
    Reuleaux, A., Richards, H., Payet, T., Villard, P., Waltert, M., Bunbury, N., 2014. Breeding ecology of the Seychelles Black Parrot Coracopsis barklyi. Ostrich 85, 255-265 doi: 10.2989/00306525.2014.997841
    Reuleaux, A., Siregar, B.A., Collar, N.J., Panggur, M.R., Mardiastuti, A., Jones, M.J., et al., 2020. Protected by dragons: Density surface modeling confirms large population of the critically endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo on Komodo Island. Condor 122, duaa042 doi: 10.1093/condor/duaa042
    Ribeiro-Silva, L., Perrella, D.F., Biagolini, Jr., C.H., Zima, P.V.Q., Piratelli, A.J., Schlindwein, M.N., et al., 2018. Testing camera traps as a potential tool for detecting nest predation of birds in a tropical rainforest environment. Zoologia 35, 1-8
    Richardson, T.W., Gardali, T., Jenkins, S.H., 2009. Review and meta-analysis of camera effects on avian nest success. J. Wildl. Manage. 73, 287-293 doi: 10.2193/2007-566
    Rocamora, G., Laboudallon, V., 2013. Seychelles black parrot Coracopsis barklyi. In: Safford, R., Hawkins, F. (Eds.), The Birds of Africa. Vol. VIII. Birds of the Malagasy Region. Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoros, Mascarenes. A&C Black, Madagascar, pp. 445–447.
    Rolland, C., Danchin, E., de Fraipont, M., 1998. The evolution of coloniality in birds in relation to food, habitat, predation, and life-history traits: A comparative analysis. Am. Nat. 151, 514-529 doi: 10.1086/286137
    Rowley, I., 1990. Behavioural Ecology of the Galah, Eolophus roseicapillus. Surrey Beatty & Sons, New South Wales, Australia.
    Rowley, I., Chapman, G., 1991. The breeding biology, food, social organisation, demography and conservation of the Major Mitchell or Pink Cockatoo, Cacatua leadbeateri, on the margin of the Western Australian Wheatbelt. Aust. J. Zool. 39, 131-142 doi: 10.1071/ZO9910131
    Sanchez-Mercado, A., Ferrer-Paris, J.R., Rodriguez, J.P., Tella, J.L., 2021. A literature synthesis of actions to tackle illegal parrot trade. Diversity 13, 191 doi: 10.3390/d13050191
    Sanders, M.D., Maloney, R.F., 2002. Causes of mortality at nests of ground-nesting birds in the Upper Waitaki Basin, South Island, New Zealand: a 5-year video study. Biol. Conserv. 106, 225-236 doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00248-8
    Saunders, D.A., Dawson, R., Mawson, P.R., Cunningham, R.B., 2020. Artificial hollows provide an effective short-term solution to the loss of natural nesting hollows for Carnaby’s Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris. Biol. Conserv. 245, 108556 doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108556
    Saunders, D.A., Smith, G.T., Rowley, I., 1982. The availability and dimensions of tree hollows that provide nest sites for cockatoos (Psittaciformes) in Western Australia. Wildl. Res. 9, 541-556 doi: 10.1071/WR9820541
    Schaaf, A.A., Garcia, C.G., Ruggera, R.A., Tallei, E., Vivanco, C.G., Rivera, L., et al., 2021. Influence of logging on nest density and nesting microsites of cavity-nesting birds in the subtropical forests of the Andes. Forestry 95, 73-82
    Schaaf, A.A., Ruggera, R.A., Vivanco, C.G., Tallei, E., Benavidez, A., Albanesi, S., et al., 2020. Tree use, niche breadth and overlap for excavation by woodpeckers in subtropical piedmont forests of northwestern Argentina. Acta Ornithol. 55, 111-119
    Setiawan, I., 1996. The Status of Cacatua Sulphurea Parvula in Nusa Penida, Bali, and Sumbawa. PHPA/BirdLife International, Bogor, Indonesia.
    Shoemaker, K.T., Breisch, A.R., Jaycox, J.W., Gibbs, J.P., 2013. Reexamining the minimum viable population concept for long-lived species. Conserv. Biol. 27, 542-551 doi: 10.1111/cobi.12028
    Snyder, N.F.R., McGowan, P., Gilardi, J., Grajal, A., 2000. Parrots. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2000-2004. IUCN, Oxford, UK.
    Spoon, T.R., 2006. Parrot reproductive behavior, or who associates, who mates, and who cares. In: Luescher, A. (Ed.), Manual of Parrot Behavior. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Ames, Iowa US, pp. 63–78.
    Stattersfield, A.J., Crosby, M.J., Long, A.J., Wege, D.C., 1998. Endemic bird areas of the world: priorities for biodiversity conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 7, BirdLife International
    Stojanovic, D., Alves, F., Cook, H., Crates, R., Heinsohn, R., Peters, A., et al., 2017. Further knowledge and urgent action required to save Orange-bellied Parrots from extinction. Emu 118, 126-134
    Tatayah, R.V.V., Malham, J., Haverson, P., Reuleaux, A., Van de Wetering, J., 2007. Design and provision of nest boxes for echo parakeets Psittacula eques in Black River Gorges National Park, Mauritius. Conserv. Evid. 4, 16-19
    Trainor, C.R., Verbelen, P., Johnstone, R.E., 2012. The avifauna of Alor and Pantar, Lesser Sundas, Indonesia. Forktail 28, 77-92
    Valle, S., Collar, N.J., Harris, W.E., Marsden, S.J., 2018. Trapping method and quota observance are pivotal to population stability in a harvested parrot. Biol Conserv. 217, 428-436 doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2017.11.001
    Vigo-Trauco, G., Garcia-Anleu, R., Brightsmith, D.J., 2021. Increasing survival of wild macaw chicks using foster parents and supplemental feeding. Diversity 13, 121 doi: 10.3390/d13030121
    Walker, J.S., Cahill, A.J., Marsden, S.J., 2001. The nesting ecology of Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua Sulphurea on Sumba and the potential for using artificial nest sites to increase recruitment. Preliminary Report 2001. Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
    Walker, J.S., Cahill, A.J., Marsden, S.J., 2005. Factors influencing nest-site occupancy and low reproductive output in the Critically Endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea on Sumba, Indonesia. Bird Conserv. Int. 15, 347-359 doi: 10.1017/s0959270905000638
    White, K.L., Eason, D.K., Jamieson, I.G., Robertson, B.C., 2015. Evidence of inbreeding depression in the critically endangered parrot, the kakapo. Anim. Conserv. 18, 341-347 doi: 10.1111/acv.12177
    White, T.H.J., Brown, G.G., Collazo, J.A., 2006. Artificial cavities and nest site selection by Puerto Rican Parrots: a multiscale assessment. Avian Conserv. Ecol. 1, 5
    Widmann, P., Lacerna-Widmann, I.D., 2008. The cockatoo and the community: ten years of Philippine Cockatoo Conservation Programme. BirdingASIA 10, 23-29
    Wungo, E., 2011. Laporan survei populasi paruh bengkok terancam punah Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata, Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Burung Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia.
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(6)  / Tables(4)

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article views (268) PDF downloads(3) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd   Technical support: info@rhhz.net

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return